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science and religion, not universally valid bc scientists decide the rules…
science and religion
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Karl Popper argues that science is an open belief system - things can change it is ever evolving and can therefore answer society's questions at different times , and can be criticised and discussion
importantly science based on empirical data so is more reliable than religion - therefore some may argue
Popper's falsification principle : science is governed by this principle - a method centred around falsification rather than verification , constantly striving to disprove their theories rather than confirming them a critical tool helping science stay honest
science is testable : scientists partake in peer review looking for issues, anomalies allowing for a community to validate the claim also collecting empirical data
replacability : scientists do not rely on single instances and if hypotheses can't be replicated then the theory is invalid, multiple independent researchers will aim to consistently replicate incidents and increase its valididty
merton (1973) : science has advanced sm as it's values are upheld by other institutions e.g. education , medical .
its an open system bc it has its own set of norms and rules that keep the truth claims valid
these 4 norms CUDOS:
communalism - emphasises the sharing of knowledge and collaboration among scientists through peer review
unaversalism - promotes the evaluation of scientific claims based on their merit (your claim is based on the valididty of your results rather than who you are)
disinteredness - scientists tend to prioritise the pursuit of knowledge over personal gain
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Horton posits (puts forward) that religion is self-contained and resists outside influences and that religion relies on interlocking components e.g. rituals and symbols
he argues that these components are structured in a way that reinforces religious claims and stability - making it difficult for external beliefs to challenge core ideas
for example it is difficult to challenge the validity of things like the Holy Communion as they are based on central truth claims
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religion and science are both meta/grand narratives claiming to offer explanations for the way things are
Bruce claims that initially religion gave us answers but ow the technological world view gives us answers while Bruce favours technology in providing answers he acknowledges that religion did at on point perform that function
popper argues that "science is open to falsification" as it constantly strives to disprove their theories rather than confirming them a critical tool helping science stay honest
some sociologists may argue that they are similar, with science and religion both being open as religion has adapted to the needs of our society by becoming more open to previously excluded + interfaith forums see different religious leaders come together to discuss this
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