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Amy Gonzalez Period 5 The Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Amy Gonzalez
Period 5
The Respiratory System
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Pneumonia
Causes and Risk Factors:
bacterial infection, viral infection, aspriation
Symptoms:
fever, shortness of breath, chills
Description:
Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Treatment Options:
over the counter medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Lung Cancer
Causes and Risk Factors:
smoking, second-hand smoke, asbestos exposure
Symptoms:
chest pain, shortness of breath, blood in sputum
Description:
Uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Treatment Options:
radiation, chemo, surgery
Tuberculosis
Causes and Risk Factors:
contagious, inhaled weakened immune system , drug and alcohol abuse
Symptoms:
latent TB-asymplomatic couth with thick mucus, weight loss, and night sweats
Description:
Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by myocardium tuberculosis
Treatment Options:
long term antibiotics, surgery, medication
Seasonal Flu
Description:
A viral infection; there are many variations of the virus and changes rapidly which changes the severity
Causes and Risk Factors:
inhaled in respiratory droplets, age, occupation
Symptoms:
dry cough, fatigue, congestion
Treatment Options:
early vaccination, over the counter medication
COPD
Causes and Risk Factors:
asthmatic bronchitis, tobacco smoke, dust exposure
Symptoms:
chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing
Description:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
Treatment Options:
smoking cessation, medication, bronchodilators
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Respiratory Capacities
Functional Residual Capacity:
sum of RV + ERV
Vital Capacity:
sum of TV + IRV + ERV
Inspiratory Capacity:
sum of TV + IRV
Total Lung Capacity:
sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV+ ERV + RV)
Respiratory Volumes
Inspiratory Reserve Volume:
amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume; averages 2100-3200mL
Expiratory Reserve Volume:
amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs; averages 1000-1200mL
Tidal Volume:
amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath; averages 500mL
Residual Volume:
amount of air that always remains in lungs; needed to keep alveoli open
Inspiration V. Expiration
Expiration:
gas flow out of lungs
Quiet expiration is normally a passive process; Inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, and lungs recoil
Forced expiration
is an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, as well as internal intercostal muscles
Inspiration:
gas flow into lungs
-Active process involving inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals)
Action of the Diaphraghm:
when it contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens, thoracic volume increases
Action of Intercostal Muscles:
when external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out
Lower Respiratory Structures and Functions
Bronchi and Branches
: consist of left and right bronchi, subdivide within lungs to form lobar and segmental bronchi and bronchioles
Respiratory Zone Structures
: begins where
terminal bronchiles
feed into respiratory bronchioles, which lead into
alveolar ducts
and finally into
alveolar sacs
, (saccules)
Conducting Zone Structures:
trachea divides into right and left
bronchi
, each bronchus enters hilum of one lung, each then branches into
lobar (secondary) bronchi
, each lobar branches into
segmental bronchi
, then divide repeatedly
Bronchioles:
less than 1mm in diameter
Terminal Bronchioles:
smallest of branches
Lungs
: paired composite organs
Root
: site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
Costal surface
: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
Apex
: superior tip, deep to clavicle
Base
: inferior surface that rests on diaphragm
Hilum
: found on mediastinal surface, it is the site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi,lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Left lung
: separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure;
Cardiac Notch
: concavity for heart to fit into
Right lung
: separated into superior, middle, and inferior lobes; superior and middle lobes separated by horizontal fissure; middle and inferior lobes separated by oblique fissure
Trachea
: flexible tube running from larynx and dividing inferiorly into two main bronchi
Mucosa
: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
Adventitia :
: outermost layer made of connective tissue
Submucosa
: connective tissue with seromucous glands that help produce the mucus sheets within trachea
Carina:
Last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
Diaphragm
Alveoli
: microscopic chambers at termini of bronchial tree; special alveolar cells produce surfactant
Larynx (voice box):
extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to hyoid bone; opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea
Thyroid cartilage
: large, shield-shaped cartilage that resembles an upright open book; “spine” of book is the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Cricoid cartilage
: ring-shaped
Epiglottis:
consists of elastic cartilage; covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing
Glottis
: opening between vocal folds
Upper Respiratory Structures and Functions
Paranasal Sinuses:
Mucosa-lined cavities in cranial bones surrounding nasal cavities
Function:
lighten skull, can also arm, moisten, and filter incoming air
Pharynx:
Passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus; houses tonsils
Function:
passageway for air and food
Laryngopharynx:
passageway for food and air, posterior to upright epiglottis, extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esophagus
Nasopharynx
: air passage way posterior to nasal cavity, soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing, pharyngeal tonsils located on posterior wall
Oropharynx
: passageway for both food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis, palatine tonsils located in lateral walls of fauces, lingual tonsil located on posterior surface of tounge
Nose and Nasal Cavity
: external portion that is supported by bone and cartilage
Function:
produces mucus, filters, warms, and moistens incoming air
Divided by
nasal septum
Nasal vestibule
: nasal cavity superior to nostrils
Vibrissae:
hairs that filter coarse particles from inspires air
Internal vs. External Respiration
Internal Respiration:
diffusion of gases between blood and tissues; involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
External Respiration:
diffusion of gases between blood and lungs; involves the exchange of O2 and CO2
across respiratory membranes
Volume and Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
Interpulmonary Pressure
: pressure in alveoli; fluctuates with breathing; eventually equalizes with atmospheric pressure
Transpulmonary Pressure
: pressure that keeps lung spaces open; keeps lungs from collapsing
Atmospheric Pressure
: exerted by air surrounding body; 760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Intrapleural Pressure
: pressure in pleural cavity; always a negative pressure; two inward forces promote lung collapse
2.) Surface tension of alveolar fluid
1.) Lungs' natural tendancy to recoil
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
Supply
body with O2 for cellular respiration and
dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration
Also contributes to olfaction and speech functions of the body
Respiration
Respiratory System:
Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)
: movement of air into and out of lungs
External Respiration
: exchange of oxygen and CO2 between lungs and blood
Circulatory System:
Transport
of oxygen and CO2 in blood
Internal respiration
: exchange of oxygen and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Layers of the Pleurae
Parietal Pleurae:
membrane on thoracic wall
Visceral Pleurae:
membrane on external lung surface; provides lubrication
Pleurae
: thin, double-layered serosal membrane, dividing thoracic cavity into two pleaural compartments