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Brianna Cabrera P.1 Respiratory System. - Coggle Diagram
Brianna Cabrera P.1 Respiratory System.
Major functions of the respiratory system
Tubes that filter.
Moisturize incoming air.
Removes carbon dioxide.
Transport it into the gas exchange areas
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere.
Regulates blood pH.
Microscopic air sacs that
exchange gases.
Helps in sense of smell.
Provides vocal sounds.
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nasal cavity.
Divided medially by nasal septum.
Nasal conchae are scroll-shaped bones that divide the nasal cavity into passageways.
Conchae support mucous membranes, and increase the surface area to warm, moisturize, and filter incoming air
Posterior to the nose.
Particles trapped in the mucus are carried to the pharynx by action of cilia, swallowed, and carried to the stomach, where gastric juice destroys microorganisms in the mucus
Sinuses
Lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with that lining the nasal cavity
Reduce the weight of the skull
Sinuses open into the nasal cavity
Serve as resonant chambers for the voice
Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
Nose
Supported by bone and cartilage.
Nostrils contain coarse hairs, that prevent entry of particles.
Nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit of air.
Pharynx (throat)
Common passageway for air and food from nasal & oral cavities
Aids in producing sounds for speech
3 subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Space behind oral and nasal cavities and larynx
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Trachea (Windpipe)
Splits into right and left primary bronchi
Inner wall is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many
goblet cells
Cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to the
esophagus and into the thoracic cavity
Goblet cells product mucus, that traps incoming particles
Cilia sweep mucus toward pharynx, where it is swallowed
Wall is supported by 20 incomplete (C-shaped) cartilaginous
rings that keep the airway open
Bronchial tree
Secondary bronchi: branches of the main bronchi; each enters
a lobe of a lung
Tertiary bronchi: branches of the lobar bronchi; each enters a
segment of a lung
Primary bronchi: first branches of the bronchial tree; branch
directly off the trachea; each leads to a lung
Bronchioles: smaller tubular organs that branch off the
segmental bronchi
Leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the
lungs, called alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles: branch off terminal bronchioles; contain
alveoli, so can perform gas exchange
Terminal bronchioles: branches off larger bronchioles; smallest
bronchioles that conduct air, without performing gas exchange
Alveolar ducts: branch off respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar sacs: branch off alveolar ducts; consist of air sacs called
alveoli
Alveoli: consist of simple squamous epithelium, which conducts rapid gas exchange between the air and blood with the associated capillaries; closely surrounded by extensive capillary
networks
Larynx
Helps keep particles from entering the trachea
Houses the vocal cords
Transports air in and out of the trachea
Composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by
elastic tissue
An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and
inferior to the laryngopharynx
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) is the larger cartilage of the larynx
Lungs
Right lung is larger than left lung
Right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior), and left has 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
A secondary bronchus supplies each of the 5 lobes of the lungs
A primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
Separated medially by the mediastinum, and enclosed by the
diaphragm and thoracic cage
Each lung contains air passages, alveoli, nerves, blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, and connective tissues
Layers of the pleurae
Visceral pleura: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
Parietal pleura: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
A double-layered serous membrane
Serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration Muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm below atmospheric pressure
Inspiration occurs from active contraction of the muscles
While expiration results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissues, the surface tension within the alveoli
Expiration is to be passive unless it is forced
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Maximal inspiration (a deep breath): requires contraction of
other muscles
(pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid,
scalenes), to enlarge the thoracic cavity even more
Due to surface tension between the 2 layers of the pleura, as
the thoracic cavity expands, the lungs expand with it
not advantageous in the alveoli; it
would tend to cause alveolar collapse
As the lungs expand in size, a lipoprotein mixture called
surfactant keeps the alveoli inflated, preventing collapse
Muscles that expand the thoracic cavity for normal inspiration
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward, enlarging the
thoracic cavity
External intercostals contract to move ribs and sternum upward
and outward
Muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm
below atmospheric pressure
Process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung
tissues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm recoils, abdominal organs spring back to original shape, which pushes the diaphragm upward
Lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
Increased surface tension in the alveoli decreases their volume
Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure, air rushes out of the lungs into the atmosphere
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Vital capacity
4,600mL
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the
deepest breath possible: VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Inspiratory capacity
3,500mL
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation
of resting tidal volume: IC = TV + IRV
Residual volume
1,200mL
Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal
expiration
Functional residual capacity
2,300mL
Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of
resting tidal volume: FRC = ERV + RV
Expiratory reserve Volume
1,100mL
Maximal volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting
expiration
Total lung capacity
5,800mL
Total volume of air that the lungs can hold: TLC = VC + RV
Inspiratory reserve volume
3,000mL
Maximal volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting
inspiration
Tidal Volume
500mL
Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory
cycle
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal respiration happens in the body tissues, where cells release carbon dioxide and take in oxygen from the blood.
External respiration happens in the lungs and when the body takes in oxygen from the atmosphere and releases carbon dioxide.
Disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumonia
Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Risk factors: Respiratory infections, Aspiration, and exposure to infection
Symptoms: Fever, Tachycardia, and diarrhea
Treatment Options: Oxygen therapy, Antibiotics, and over the counter medication
Lung Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Risk factors: smoking, second-hand smoking, and Asbestos exposure
Symptoms: chest pain, weight loss, and persistent cough
Treatment Options: Targeted therapy, Chemotherapy, and Surgical removal
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Risk factors: Drug/alcohol abuse, weakend immune system, and Travel where TB is common
Symptoms: cough with thick mucus, Tachycardia, and weigh loss
Treatment Options: Long-term antibotics, surgery, and medication
Seasonal Flu
A viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes.
Risk factors: Inhalded in respiratory, weakened immune system, and chronic illness
Symptoms: Dry cough, chills, and fever
Treatment Options: Early vaccination, rest and hydration, and antivival medication
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
Risk factors: Asthmatic bronchitis, Air pollution, and Dust exposure
Symptoms: Tight chest, lung damage, and wheezing
Treatment Options: Antibiotics,oxygen therapy, and lung transplant