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respiratory system Natalie Yracheta P5 - Coggle Diagram
respiratory system Natalie Yracheta P5
Major functions of the respiratory system
supply blood with O2 and dispose CO2
pulmonary ventilation
(breathing): moving air in and out of lungs
respiratory system
external respiration
circulatory system
transport O2 and CO2 in blood
internal respiration
Upper respiratory structures and functions
nose
divided into external nose and nose cavity
functions: provides airway, moistens and warms air, filters and cleans air,
paranasal sinuses
lightens skull
secrete mucus
helps nose w moistening and warming
pharynx
connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
3 regions
nasopharynx
only air passageway
oropharynx
food and air passageway
laryngopharynx
food and air passageway
Lower respiratory structures and functions
larynx
provides patent airway
routes air and food into proper channels ( 3 regions of pharynx)
voice production
epiglottis
houses vocal folds
vocal ligaments: true core of vocal folds
houses vestibular/false vocal cords
helps close glottis while swallowing
glottis: opening between vocal folds
trachea
allows inspired and expired air in and out of lungs
has 3 layers
mucosa: ciliated psuedostratified w goblet cells
submuscosa: connective tissue that help produce mucus "sheets"
adventia: outmost layer
extends through carina to
bronchi
23 branches
conducting zone structures
left and right primary bronchi enters hilum of each lung 2. splits into lobar/secondary bronchi (3 on right, 2 on left) 3. branches into segmental/terimental bronchi which constantly divides
terminal bronchioles: smallest of all branches
respiratory zone structures
terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles 2. into alveolar ducts 3. into alveolar sacs
alveolar sacs contain alveoli
site of actual gas exchange
lungs
occupy all thoracic cavity other than mediastinum
root: site of attachment to mediastinum
costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
hilum: site for entry/exit of all blood vessels,nerves,and bronchi
right lung
horizontal fissure separates superior and middle lobe
oblique fissure separates middle and inferior lobe
left lung
oblique fissure separates superior and inferior lobe
leaves space for heart and smaller due to it
Layers of the pleurae
divides thoracic cavity into 2 pleural compartments and mediastinum
pleural fluid provides lubrication and friction for lungs
parietal: on thoracic wall, around heart, super of diaphragm,around lungs
visceral: on external lungs surface
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
inspiration
involves diaphragm and external intercostals
due to increased thoracic volume lungs stretch after being pulled out of thoracic cage
intrapulmonary pressure drops and difference between atmospheric and intrapulmonary causes air to flow into lungs
diaphragm: flattens out when contracted causing increased thoracic volume
intercostals: rib cage is lifted up and out when contracted causing increased thoracic volume
expiration
inspiratory muscles relax causing thoracic volume to decrease and letting lungs recoil
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
Patm
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure in alveoli
fluctuates with breathing
always stabilizes with Patm
Ppul
transpulmonary pressure
keeps lung space open and from collapsing
Ppul-Pip
intrapleural pressure
in pleural cavity
always negative
fluctuates with breathing
Pip
Respiratory volumes and capacities
tidal volume
amount of air moved in and out of lung with every breath
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air forcibly inspired/drawn out beyond tidal/first breathe
expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs/deep breathe
add tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume to get inspiratory capacity
residual volume
amount of air that is always in lungs
add residual volume and expiratory reserve volume to get functional residual capacity
add tidal wave and both reserve volume to get vital capacity
add all volumes to get total lung capacity
Internal vs. external respiration
internal
exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and heart
external
exchange of O2 and CO2 between body blood vessels and tissues
Disorders of the respiratory system
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
tuberculosis: bacterial infection caused by mycobardium tuberculosis
pneumonia: bacterial/viral infection of lungs
lung cancer: uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumor
seasonal flu: viral infection constantly making new batches