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Gael Parra Per. 5 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Gael Parra Per. 5
Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory Structures and Functions
Paranasal Sinus
Forms ring around nasal cavities
Located in sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Functions
: Lightens skull, secretes mucus, helps warm and moisten air
Pharynx
Funnel-shaped muscular tube that runs from the bone of the skull to vertebra C6
Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx
Composed of skeletal muscle
Consists of three regions
-
Nasopharynx:
Passageway for only air and is posterior to the nasal cavity
-
Oropharynx:
Passageway for food and air from a level of the soft palate to the epiglottis
-
Laryngopharynx:
Passageway for food and fair, located posterior to the upright epiglottis, and extends to the larynx, where it is continuous with the esophagus
Nose and Nasal cavity
Only external portion of respiratory system
Functions
: Provide airway, moisten and warm entering air, filter/clean inspired air, resonating chamber for speech, and housing for olfactory receptors
Divided into
two regions
, External and Internal nose
-Includes root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
- Nasal Cavity
divided by midline nasal septum
Layers of the Pleurae
Parietal Pleura:
membrane on thoracic walls, superior face of diaphragm around the heart and between the lungs
Visceral Pleura
: Membrane on external lung surface
Internal and External Respiration
Internal:
Diffusion of gases between blood and fissures, involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
External
(pulmonary gas exchange) : Diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
Compare and Contrast mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
: Active process involving inspiratory muscles
Dome shape of diaphragm contracts which results in an
increase of thoracic volume
Expiration
: Quiet expiration normally is passive process
Inspiratory msucles relax, thoracic cavity
volume decreases and lungs recoil
Forced Expiration
: active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, as well as internal intercostal; muscles/
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
: Supply body with 02 for cellular respiration and dispose of C02 which is a waste product of cellular respiration.
Disorders of the Respiratory System
COPD:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
Causes/Risk Factors
Asthmatic bronchitis
Tobacco Smoke
Dust exposure
Symptoms
Chronic Cough
Shortness of breath
Tight chest
Treatment
Smoking cessation
Antibiotics
Tuberculosis
: Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by myocardial tuberculosis
Causes/Risk Factors
Contagious, inhaled
Weakened immune system
Drug and alcohol abuse
Symptoms
Cough with mucus
Fever and fatigue
Treatment
Smoking cessation
Long term Antibiotics
surgery
Medication
Pneumonia
: Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs.
Causes/Risk Factors
Bacterial infection
Viral infection
aspiration
Symptoms
Chest pain
Fever
Shortness of breath
Treatment
over the counter medication
Antibiotics
Oxygen Therapy
Lung Cancer
: Uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Causes/Risk Factors
Smoking 100% of cases
Second Hand exposure
Asbestos Exposure
Symptoms
Chest Pain
Blood in septum
Chronic infection
Treatment
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Targeted therapy
Seasonal Flu
: Viral infection; many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year.
Causes/Risk Factors
Inhaled in respiration
Age
Occupation
Living conditions
Symptoms
Dry cough
fatigue
Congestion
Treatment
Early vaccination
Antiviral medication
Rest and hydration
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Atmospheric Pressure (Patm):
Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body, 760mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Transpulmonary Pressure:
Pressure that keeps lung spaces open and keeps lungs from collapsing
Intrapulmonary Pressure
: Pressure in the alveoli, also called intra-alveolar pressure and fluctuates with breathing
Intrapleural Pressure
: Pressure in pleural cavity, always a negative pressure. Fluctuates with breathing and two forces promote lung collapse.
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
amlunt of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs (1000-1200ml)
Residual Volume (RV)
: amount of air that always remains in lungs (needed to keep alveoli open)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
Amount of air that can be inspired forcing beyond the tidal volume (211ml - 3200ml)
Tidal Volume (TV)
: amount of air moved into and out of the lung with each breath (averages ~500ml)
Respiratory Capacities
Total Lung Capacity (TLC):
Sum of all lung volumes (TV+IRV+ERV+RV)
Vital Capacity (VC)
: Sum of TV+IRC+ERV
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
: Sum of RV+ERV
Inspiratory capacity (IC):
sum of TV+IRv
Lower Respiratory and Functions
Bronchi & Branches
23 orders of branching
Each main branch enters hilum of one lung
Branches become smaller and smaller
Bronchioles:
branches less than 1mm in diameter
Terminal bronchioles:
smallest of all branches with less than 0.5 mm in diamenter
Lungs & Alveoli
Lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for mediastinum
There is the root, costal, apex, base, hilum, and right and left lung
Right lung is bigger than left
Left lung is separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissures
Right lung is separated into superior, middle, and inferior lobes by horizontal and oblique fissures
Trachea
Extends from larynx into mediustinum, where it divided into two main bronchi
About 4 inches long and 3/4 of an inch in diameter
Wall composed of three layers
Mucosa:
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
Submucosa:
Connective tissue with seromucus glands that help produce the mucus "sheets" within trachea, supported by 16-20 C-Shaped cartilage rings that prevent trachial collapse
Adventitia
: outermost layer made of connective tissue
Larynx
Extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to hyoid bone
Opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea
Three functions
Provide Patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice Production
Consists of 9 hyaline cartilages: Thyroid, Cricoid, Paried Arteryoid, paired corniculate, paired cuneiform. and the epiglottis