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Dana De Guzman period 3 Respiratory - Coggle Diagram
Dana De Guzman period 3 Respiratory
Major functions of the respiratory system
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body (respiration). Controls the intake of oxygen and carbon dioxide, provide oxygen for the body. delivers oxygen from the lungs and into the bloodstream. Removal of carbon dioxide. Producing voice sounds.
Upper respiratory structures and functions
The upper respiratory structures are the nasal cavity, sinuses, and the pharynx
Nose:
nosetrils provide openings for the air to enter. The hairs in the nose catch debris from the air. The nasal cavity also warms the air before entering the lungs as well as moisturize and filter air. It is supported by the nasal septum (made out of cartilage/bone)
Paranasal sinus:
sinuses open into the nasal cavity. It is lined with mucous membrane.
maxillary, frontal, sphenoid bone, ethemoid bone
. helps producing sounds in speech, it has the resonant chamber for the voice
Pharynx:
located behind oral and nasal cavities and larynx. common passageway for air and food. helps produce sounds for speech. has 3 subdivisions: **nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Lower respiratory structures and functions
The lower respiratory structures are the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
Larynx:
houses the vocal cords but
Glottis
is the true vocal cords. Layrnx transports the air in and out of the trachea.
*
thyoid cartilage (adam's apple). theres two vocal flaps in the larynx (glottis and epiglottis). epiglottis prevents the food from going into the trachea. it stands vertically when breathing
trachea:
the inner wall is lined with cilia mucous membrane with goblet cells. the goblet cells produces mucous that traps particles.
Cilia
sweeps mucous toward pharynx, where it is swallowed. the trachea is supported by c-shaped cartilage to keep the airway open
Bronchial tree:
Primary bronchi:
first branches of the bronchial tree; branch directly off the trachea and leads to the lungs
secondary bronchi:
branches of the primary bronchi
tertiary bronchi:
branches off the lobar bronchi
bronchioles:
smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
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Layers of the pleura
Viseral pleura:
inner layer of the lungs
Parietal pleura:
outer layer of the lungs
lines the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum.
less thicker than the visceral pleura.
lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows for smooth movement during breathing
attached closely to the surface of the lungs
provides support to the lung tissue
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
inspiration:
Diaphgram and external intercostal muscles contract
thoracic cage expands, diaphragm flatten and move downward
increase in pressure inside the lungs
lets airflow in the lung
Expiration:
muscles relax, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
Thoracic cavity compresses. external intercostal muscles allows the rib cage to move downward and inward
volume decreases in the lungs
air flow out
Comparison:
both involve contaction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Inspiration increases the volume of the thoracic cavity while expiration decreases it
Volume and pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Tidal volume:
volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is 500ML
inspiratory reserve volume:
volume of air that can be inhaled in a ddition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is 3,000ML
Expiratory reserve volume:
volume of air that can be exhaled during maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume, average is 1,200 ML
Residual volume:
volume air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is 1,2000ML; cannot be measured by a spirometer
Respiratory capactities:
combination of 2 or more respiratory volume
Inspiratory capctiy:
volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal resting expiration IRV+TV 3,500ML
Functional residual capacity:
volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration. ERV+RV 2,300ML
Vital Capacity:
is maximum volume o air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration TV+IRV+ERV 4,600ML
Total lung capacity:
total volume of air lungs can hold VC+RV 5,800ML
Atomic death space:
volume of air remaining in the bronchial tree, that is not involved in gas exchange
Respiratory volumes and capacities
4 distinct respiratory volumes:
Tidal volume (TV):
volume of air when inhaling and exhaling.
500 ML
Inspiratory reserve (IRV):
volume of air that can be inhaled plus the tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
volume of air that can be exhaled
Residual volume (RV):
volume of air still left in the lungs after a maximal expiration.
It cannot be measured by the spirometer
Repiratory capacities:
combination or more respiratory volumes
Inspiratory capacity (IC):
volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal resting expiration
IRV + TV (3,500ML)
Functional residual capacity (FRC):
volume of air that remains in the lungs after a resting expiration
ERV + RV (2,300 ML)
Vital Capacity (VC):
maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration
TV+IRV+ERV (4,600ML)
Total lung capacity (TLC):
*
is maximum volume of air lungs can hold but it depends on the gender/body/age
Internal vs. External respiration
External:
gas exchange in the lungs
rib cage expands during inspiration, increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
less diaphragm involvement
shallower breathing
Internal:
gas exchange in the body tissues
when breathing, the diaphragm contracts downward
the abdomen moves slightly as the diaphragm contracts
considered more efficient/natural way of breathing. it maximizes the use of the diaphragm and allows for deeper inhalation
Disorders of the respiratory system
COPD:
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis emphysema and asthma
Tuberculosis:
bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pheumonia:
bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Lung cancer:
uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Seasonal flu:
a viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year, which changes the severity of symptoms
inhaled in respiratory, droplets, age
dry cough, fatigue, congestion
early vaccination, over-the-counter medication, antiviral medication
smoking, second-hand smoke, asbestos exposure
occur at later stages, chest pain, fatigue
radiation, chemotherapy, surgical removal
bacterial infection, viral infection, aspiration
fever, shortness of breath, chills
over the counter medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Contagious inhaled, weakened system, drug and alcohol abuse
cough with thick mucous, fever and fatigue, chest pain
long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
asthma bronchitis, tobacco smoke, air pollution
Chronic cough, shortness of breath, tight chest
smoking cessation, medication, bronchodilators
Causes or risk factors:
Symptoms:
treatment options: