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Respiratory System- Alejandro Alvarez P2 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System- Alejandro Alvarez P2
Major Functions
.recieves O2
. removes CO2
. allows us to breathe
filters, warms, moisturizes airs
.regulates temp & water content of air
.provides vocal sounds
Upper Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity
Structure: hollow space posterior to nose, divided medially by nasal septum, consists of bone and cartilage
Function: increase surface area to warm, moisturize, and filter air
Sinuses
Structure: Air-filled spaces located in the maxillary, frontal, and ethmoid bones
Function: reduces the weight of the skull and serves as a resonant chamber for voice
Nose
Structure: contains nostrils. Supported by bone & cartilage.
Function: provides openings and entry for incoming air, nostrils contain hairs to prevent particles from entering
Pharynx(throat)
Structure: space behind the oral and nasal cavity
Function: serves as a passageway for air and food
Lower Respiratory System
trachea (windpipe)
Structure: cylindrical tube that extends downward and is in front of esophagus, splits into right and left pulmonary bronchi, walls contain cilliated mucus membranes with many goblet cells
Function: allows air to be inhaled and exhaled, cilia sweeps particles toward pharynx where it is swallowed
bronchi
Structure:
Primary Bronchi (main)
large branch on each lung, branches directly off trachea
Secondary Bronchi (lobar)
branches directly off primary bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi (segmental)
branches off secondary bronchi, leads into small bronchies, and respiratory bronchioles where gas exchange in alveoli occur.
Function
provides passageways for air to move into and out of lungs
larynx (voice box)
Structure: enlargement above the trachea and below the pharynxx, composed of cartilage and muscle, large cartilage=adams apple or thyroid cartilage
Function: transports air in and out of trachea, houses vocal cords
lungs
Structure: soft spongy cone shaped organs of respiratory system, right lung has 3 lobes while left has 2, right lung is bigger, contains a double layered serousmembrane
Function: Contain air passages, alveoli, blood vessels,
connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
The Pleurae
Visceral Pleura
inner layer membrane, attatched to each surface of the lung
Parietal Pleura
outer portion, lines thoracic cavity
.serous fluid lubricates the pleura cavity between the two
Mechanisms of Inspiration VS. Expiration
Inspiration
Normal Inspiration
. diaphragm contracts
.external intercostal muscles contract to move ribs and sternum upward
muscle contraction results in pressure dropping to 2mm in pressure
Maximal Inspiration
.requires contraction of several other muscles (pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and scalenes)
. thoracic cavity expands even more
as lungs expand in size a lipoprotein called surfactant keeps alveoli inflated
Expiration
Forced Expiration
allows for expiration of more air than normal
aided by internal intercostal muscles
compresses rib cage and abdominal wall
normal expiration
results from passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissue
.diaphragm and external muscles relax
.thoracic cavity volume decreases and pressure increases
Volume and Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
Atmospheric Pressure
pressure exerted by the air on all objects in contact with it; force that moves air into lungs
Inspiration
. pressure inside the lungs decrease below atmospheric pressure
increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease
Expiration
. Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
. as a result air rushes into lungs
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Respiratory Volumes
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
the amount of air inspired following tidal volume
~3,000mL
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
the amount of air exhaled following tidal volume
~1200mL
Tidal Volume
the amount of air coming in and out of lungs during normal breathing
~ 500mL
Residual Volume (RV)
The amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration
~1,200mL
Respiratory Capacities
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Volume of air left in lungs after resting respiration
ERV+RV=2,3000
Vital Capacity (VC)
Max volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration
TV+ERV+IRV=4,600
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
TV+IRV=3,500
Volume of air that can be inhalhed following normal expiration
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
The amount of air your lungs can hold
VC+RV=5,800
Internal VS external respiration
internal respiration
.occurs in body tiisue
. cells release CO2
cells take in oxygen from blood
external respiration
. occurs at the level of lungs (alveoli)
. body takes in O2 from atmosphere and releases CO2
Disorders
Pneumonia
Symptoms: fever, chills, fatigue
Causes: bacterial infections, exposure, aspiration
viral and bacterial infection of the lungs
Treatment: medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Tuberculosis
Causes: contagious, weakend immune system, fever
Symptoms: cough with thick mucus, tachycardia, chest pain
bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium
Treatment: long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
Lung Cancer
uncontrolled cell growth of tumors in the lung
Causes: asbestos exposure, smoking, random gas
Treatment: radiation, chemo, surgery
Symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue
COPD
Causes: genetics age, asthmatic bronchitis
Symptoms: chronic cough, wheezing, tight chest
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder, includes bronchitis,emphysema, and asthma
Treatment: smoking cessation, medications, antibiotics
Seasonal Flu
Viral infection that changes rapidly with many infections
Causes: age, occupation, chronic illness
Symptoms: dry cough, fatigue, headache
Treatment: vaccination, antiviral medications, rest and hydration