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Respiratory System Rose Bui-Luu, Period 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - supported by bone and cartilage
      - nostrils contain coarse hairs, which prevent entry of particles
    - - hollow space posterior to nose
      - divided medially by nasal septum (wall), consisting of bone and cartilage)
      - nasal conchae, scroll-shaped bones, divide nasal cavity into passageways
    - - air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
      - open into the nasal cavity
      - lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with that lining the nasal cavity
    - - space being oral + nasal cavities and larynx
      - 3 subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
        (<- superior ... inferior ->)
- - - - an enlargement in airway superior to trachea and inferior to laryngopharynx
      - composed of framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
      - larger cartilage of larynx in men = thyroid cartilage (adam's apple)
      - vocal folds: consists of muscle and connective tissue, covered with mucous membrane, extend from the walls
        
        Epiglottis
        
        flaplike, made of elastic cartilage; covers opening to glottis
        
        Glottis
        
        true vocal cords and opening between them
    - - cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to esophagus and into thoracic cavity
      - splits into right/left primary bronchi
      - inner wall lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells that produce mucus to trap incoming particles, cilia sweeps mucus toward pharynx to be swallowed
      - wall supported by 20 incomplete (c-shaped) cartilaginous rings that keep airway open
    - - consists of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airwars, leading from trachea to microscopic air sacs of lungs called alveoli
        
        branches
        
        primary bronchi: first branches; branch directly off trachea, each leads to a lung
        
        secondary bronchi: branches of main bronchi; each enters lobe of a lung
        
        tertiary bronchi: branches of lobar bronchi; each enters segment of a lung
        
        alveoli: consist of simple squamous epithelium to conduct rapid gas exchange between air and blood with associated capillaries; closley surrounded by extensive capillary networks
        
        alveolar ducts: branch off respiratory bronchioles
        
        alveolar sacs: branch of alveolar ducts; consist of air sacs (alveoli)
        
        Bronchioles: smaller tubular organs that branch of segmented bronchi
        
        Terminal Bronchioles: branch of larger bronchioles; smallest bronchiole that conduct air without performing gas exchange
    - - soft, spongy cone-shaped organs of respiratory system
      - separated medially by mediastinum, enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage
      - occupies most of thoracic cavity
      - right lung larger than left
        
        right = 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
        
        left = 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
        
        each lung contains air passages, alveoli, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, connective tissues
- - - - volume of air that enters/leaves lungs during respiratory cycle; average ≈ 500 mL
    - - volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to TV during forced inspiration; average ≈ 3,000 mL
    - - volume of air that can be exhaled during maximal forced expiration, beyond the TV; average ≈ 1,200 mL
    - - volume of air that remains in lungs after maximal expiration; average ≈ 1,200 mL; can't be measured with spirometer
  - - - volume of air that can be inhaled after normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (≈3,500 mL)
    - - maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TRV + IRV + ERV (≈4,600 mL)
    - - volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (≈2,300 mL)
    - - total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC + RV (≈5,800 mL); varies with age, gender, body size
- - - - diaphragm + external intercostal muscles expand thoracic cavity
      - diaphragm contracts + moves downward, enlarging TC
      - external intercostals contract, moving ribs + sternum upward and outward
    - - pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, diaphram, exernal intercostal muscles required to enlarge TC even more
      - surface tension between double pleura causes TC + lungs to expand
      - surface tension not advantageious in alveoli, tends to cause alveolar collapse
      - lipoprotein mixture -> surfactant; keeps alveoli inflated to prevent collapse
  - - - allows for expiration of more air than normal
      - aided by internal intercostal muscles + abdominal wall muscles, which compress rib cage + addominal wall respectively