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Discuss the relationships between migration, social mobility and precarity…

- - - - primitive accumulation
        
        Primitive accumulation, as described in the text, refers to the process through which economic surplus is extracted from agricultural sectors to fuel industrialization and urbanization. This includes methods such as agricultural price controls and taxation, which squeeze surplus from farming communities, and the displacement of peasants to create a free wage labor force for urban industries. It's a historical necessity for economic transformation, particularly in late-industrializing countries like India and China, where it remains incomplete despite a declining agricultural share in GDP.
      - accumulation by dispossession
        
        violence through dispossession
        
        Dispossession from below
      - D'Costa (2014): p. 323ff
    - - the produced poor – those whose poverty is linked to the very processes that have generated growth, or the ‘immiserated’ poor, who are highlighted in Tania Li’s quote above;
      - the residual poor – those who have been ‘left behind’ in the wake of economic transformation;
      - the unequal poor – those whose poverty is linked to the unequal distribution of growth and their ‘falling behind’ in relative terms
      - the unreported poor – those people who are poor but, for various reasons, are not counted as such – the ‘invisible’ poor.
  - - - "... consists of people who have minimal trust relationships with capital or the state, making it quite unlike the salariat. And it has none of the social contract relationships of the proletariat, whereby labour securities were provided in exchange for subordination and contingent loyalty, the unwritten deal underpinning welfare states" (Standing 2013, 2)
      - p. 518
      - "precarity is broader than work insecurity alone, but sees this emerging from such work leading, in Japan, to food insecurity, loss of pride and self-worth, and an inability to keep the household functioning."
      - p. 520
- - - - Chuanfei Chin (2019)
        
        Management strategies
        
        discrimination
        
        disempowerment
        
        Dependence
        
        bigger picture
        
        Diffusion
        
        Disentanglement
        
        Displacement
        
        p. 532
        
        Depoliticisation’ of responsibilities
        
        no clear regulations
        
        regulations by employers
        
        p. 530
    - - "Some countries have come to rely on irregular migrants as critical components in their labour forces and therefore the authorities have been intentionally accommodating of irregular migrants" (p. 99)
      - migrants are often critical components in national development, essential for processes of capitalist accumulation (p. 100)
      - Laws should protect workers, but essentially give employer more power over worker
      - no local freedom of movement (p. 102)
      - broader connection to capitalism and economic growth (p. 105)
  - - - future trajectory with climate change -> more refugees -> worse conditions
  - - - "The high migration costs usually restrict access to international
        labor migration for aspiring migrants from lower-income households." (p. 69)
      - Future of labour migration: p. 75
    - - debt traps
      - brokers take a lot of money from migrants
      - migrants stay in situations of rights violations or unsafe work conditions
    - - Clemens (2014):
        
        Higher development in a country – more emigration
        
        Most emigrants in middle income