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What Conditions Are Most Favourable For Enzyme Function In The Management…

- - - - pH
        
        pH is a measurement of the concentration of hydrogen. Enzymes are partly held by hydrogen bonds, so if there is a difference in the concentration of hydrogen between the enzyme and its environment, i.e the pH of the environment, the hydrogen bonds within the enzyme can be broken, changing the 3D shape of the enzyme.
        
        For cellulase, the optimum pH range is between 4.2-5.8 pH.
      - Temperature
        
        The optimum temperature for cellulase activity is between 50 and 55 degrees Celsius.
      - Substrate Concentration
        
        Excess substrate concentration would be ideal so as to not be a limiting factor on the activity rate of the enzyme and be an extra factor to take into account.
      - Competitive enzyme Inhibitors
        
        In ideal conditions, there should be no presence of competitive enzyme inhibitors.
        
        Competitive enzyme inhibitors decrease the rate of enzyme activity as they prevent substrates from binding to the enzyme and creating the desired products.
      - Non-competitive enzyme inhibitors
        
        In ideal conditions, there should be no presence of competitive enzyme inhibitors.
        
        Non-competitive enzyme inhibitors decrease the rate of enzyme activity as they bind to the allosteric site and change the shape of the enzyme and the active site, making it no longer complimentary to its substrate, preventing substrates from binding to it and creating the desired products.
- - - - Pros:
        
        Cellulase is able to break down and convert cellulosic biomass and waste into biofuels, able to be utilised as sustainable energy sources.
      - Cons:
        
        Cellulose is only able to break down cellulose and cannot be used in the management of any other waste but cellulosic waste.
  - - - Pros:
        
        Lipase can be utilised in the treatment of wastewater, which is becoming increasingly more necessary as the demand for clean water increases with growing populations and industrialisation.
        Some lipases remain effective even in the presence of difference chemicals such as acids, bases, solvents, detergents, salts, etc. as well as under different environmental conditions such as pH and temperature, this means that lipase can be used a variety of experiment types without hindarance.
      - Cons:
        
        The cost to produce and use lipase is expensive
  - - - Pros:
        
        PETases target polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one of the most common types of plastic used around the world, used for things such as water bottles. This means that finding waste to be used for an experiment with PETases will be quick, cheap and clean, not to mention that researching more about PETase could lead to better recycling methods for plastic.
      - Cons:
        
        PETases only target PET, meaning the range of experiments that can be performed using PETase are limited.
  - - - Pros:
        
        Some types of proteases can perform in harsh alkaline conditions, allowing for their use in a wider variety of experiments.
        Protease is biodegradable and will not harm the environment after its use unlike chemicals that would be alternatively used.
      - Cons:
        
        Protease is expensive to make
  - - - Pros:
        
        Amylase can be used to break down organic waste that would otherwise be thrown into landfill or incinerated.
        It will be easy to determine the reaction rate of amylase as it is only able to break down starches into simpler organic compounds, more specifically sugars.
      - Cons:
        
        Amylase has limited uses and can only be used to break down starches into smaller sugars, so experimentation methods will be limited using amylase.
  - - - Pros:
        
        Urease targets a specific compound so it is easy to measure results and determine a causational relationship between the independent and dependent variables if urease is used.
      - Cons:
        
        Since Urease targets only one compound, urea, it's use and testing would be limited to treating urea filled waste water.
- - - - Is the cellulosic waste used for the experiment or being used to produce biofuels from a sustainable source?
      - Are the products of this enzymatic hydrolysis safe for consumption by animals?
        
        If harmful contaminants are not found alongside the products they are safe to consume as they are simply glucose molecules.
      - Are the biofuels made from using cellulase sustainable or better for the environment than alternative fuels?
        
        alternative biofuels made using cellulase have been shown to produce 90% less CO2 emmisions compared to traditional fossil fuels.
- - - - Cellulose can be found in matter such as tree bark, leaves, vegetables, fruits and cotton.
        
        the cellulose within these can be broken down using cellulase.
    - - Municipal solid waste includes practically anything in landfill, from metals to food scrap, to compost.
        
        This means that different enzymes can be used to break down different types of waste. Examples of this include using lipase to break down fats in foods and oils. amylase to breakdown starchy products and cellulase to break down compost that has ended up in landfill.
    - - This includes animal and plant waste such as manure
        
        Manure is largely composed of protein and so could be partially broken down using protease.