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How did Italy achieved the unification? …
How did Italy achieved the unification? By: Sara Sastoque 8C
Why did it happened?
Rise of Nationalism: The 19th century saw a surge in nationalistic sentiment across Europe. Italians, inspired by a shared language, culture, and history, yearned for a unified nation.
Economic and Political Discontent: Many Italian states suffered from economic crisis and lacked political representation, fueling calls for reform and unification.
Foreign Domination: Much of Italy was under foreign control, particularly by the Austrian Empire, leading to resentment and a desire for independence.
Leadership and Strategy: The Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, under Cavour's leadership, provided crucial strategic direction, military strength, and diplomatic skills to achieve unification.
Who was affected and involved?
Affected
Foreign Powers: Austria, France, and Britain played significant roles through intervention, alliances, and conflicts.
Papacy: The loss of temporal power in Rome significantly impacted the Catholic Church and its relationship with the new Italian state.
Italian People: Millions witnessed the rise of national identity, revolutions, and wars. Some actively participated, while others were caught in the crossfire.
Involved
Giuseppe Garibaldi: Military leader and "Red Shirts" volunteers, conquering southern Italy.
Giuseppe Mazzini: Revolutionary leader advocating for a republican Italy through Young Italy movement.
King Victor Emmanuel II: Monarch of Sardinia-Piedmont, becoming the first king of unified Italy.
Camillo di Cavour: Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, used diplomacy and strategic alliances to expand territory.
What happened?
Unification and Challenges: In 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed, with Victor Emmanuel II as king. However, challenges remained:
Papal States and Venice remained under foreign control.
Internal divisions existed between republicans and monarchists, north and south.
Completion of Unification: In 1870, Rome, the Papal capital, was captured, and the unification process was largely complete. Venice joined in 1866.
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont's Leadership: Under King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont emerged as a pivotal player
Modernization: They reformed their military and economy, making Sardinia-Piedmont a strong base for unification.
Strategic Alliances: Cavour forged alliances with France and Britain to gain military support against Austria.
Wars of Independence: Victories in the Second War of Independence (1859) and the Third War of Independence (1866) secured control of much of northern and central Italy.
Garibaldi's Redshirts: Led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, these volunteers captured southern Italy and Naples, paving the way for unification.
Uprisings and Revolutions: Inspired by the ideals of liberty and nationalism sweeping Europe, Italian revolutionaries attempted to overthrow foreign rule and establish republics throughout the peninsula
1831: Giuseppe Mazzini forms Young Italy, a secret society advocating for a unified Italian republic.
1848: Widespread revolutions erupt across Italy, but ultimately fail due to Austrian intervention and internal divisions.
Where did it happened?
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia: Ruled by Austria, a major obstacle to unification.
Kingdom of Two Sicilies: Ruled by the Bourbons
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont: Led by King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Cavour.
Papal States: Governed by the Pope
Central Italian states: Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna, which joined through alliance
Sources
(
https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/victorem.htm#:~:text=On%20March%2017%2C%201861%2C%20the,composed%20of%20deputies%20elected%20from)(https://www.britannica.com/place/Papal-States)(https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-war-of-1859)(https://www.internationalschoolhistory.com/lesson-6---italian-unification---1848-70.html#:~:text=To%20Cavour's%20way%20of%20thinking,a%20number%20of%20European%20states.)(https://www.britannica.com/event/Risorgimento
)
