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Psychopathology Evaluations, Definition of Abnormality, Real World…

- - - - Phobias and Traumatic Experiences :check:
        Model is evidence for link between experience and phobia
        
        'Little Albert' shows how scary experience involving stimulus can lead to phobia
        
        Jongh et al found 73% people with dentist fear had traumatic experience (mostly dentistry). 21% control group with low dental anxiety experienced trauma event
        Confirms link between stimulus (dentist) and unconditioned response (pain) leading to phobia
        
        Counterpoint :red_cross:
        Not all phobias follow bad experiences
        
        Common phobias like snake, occur in places with low snake populations and rare traumatic experiences
        
        Not all traumatic experiences lead to phobias
        Means link between phobias and trauma isn't as strong due to incomplete explanation
- - - - People with learning disabilities :check:
        Can be used to help people with learning disabilities
        
        People with learning disabilities may need to treat phobias, but main alts may not be suitable
        
        They may struggle with cognitive therapies needing rational thought, and distressed in flooding
        Often most appropriate treatment for phobias with learning disability
  - - - Traumatic :red_cross:
        Highly unpleasant experience
        
        Schumacher et al found ppts and therapists found flooding way more stressful than SD
        
        Ethical issues (causing stress to clients). Dropout rates are also significantly higher that SD
        Suggests therapists may avoid using this treatment
- - - - Real World Application :check:
        Application to screening and treatment for depression
        
        Cohen et al found assessing cognitive vulnerability allows psychologists to screen and identify future risk in young people
        
        Understanding cognitive vulnerability can apply to CBT, they work by altering cognitions that make vulnerability and increases resilience
        Means understanding cognitive vulnerability is useful in clinical practice
  - - - Reactive and Endogenous Depression :red_cross:
        Only explains reactive, not endogenous depression
        
        Depression is triggered by 'activating events' (reactive depression and how we respond to life events)
        
        Many cases of depression can't be traced back to obvious life events/ times (endogenous depression). Model can't explain it
        Means Ellis's model can only explain some cases (partial explanation)
- - - - Relapse Rates :red_cross:
        CBT has high relapse rates
        
        Little early research studied long term effectiveness of CBT. Recent studies show long term outcomes aren't as good as assumed
        
        Ali assessed depression in 439 clients monthly for 12 months after CBT. 42% relapsed in 6 months and 53% in a year
        Means CBT may need to be repeated periodically
      - Counterpoint :check:
        Evidence challenges idea CBT is unsuitable for learning disabilities
        
        Review concluded CBT was as effective as antidepressants and behavioural therapies for depression
        
        Another review concluded, when used appropriately, CBT can be effective with learning disabilities
        Means CBT may be suitable for a wider range than expected
- - - - Environmental Risk Factors :red_cross:
        OCD isn't completely genetic
        
        Environmental risk factors may trigger OCD
        
        Cromer et al found over half of OCD clients in sample experienced past traumatic events. OCD was more severe with past traumas
        Means genetic vulnerability only provides partial explanations
  - - - No Unique Neural System :red_cross:
        Serotonin-OCD link may not be unique to OCD
        
        Many who have OCD have clinical depression (co-morbidity), depression likely involves disruption to serotonin action
        
        Could maybe be that serotonin activity is disrupted in many OCD people due to accompanying depression
        Means serotonin may be irrelevant to OCD symptoms
- - - - Serious Side-Effects :red_cross:
        Drugs can have potentially serious side effects
        
        Small minority have no benefits from SSRIs. May experience indigestion, blurred vision and loss of sex drive (Mostly temporary but distressing)
        
        Clomipramine side effects are common but more serious: 1/10 have erection and weight gain problems, 1/100 have aggression and heart problems
        Means some have a reduced quality of life from taking drugs and may stop taking them (no longer effective)