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What conditions are most favourable for enzyme function in the management…
What conditions are most favourable for enzyme function in the management of waste?
Urease
What are the optimal conditions for urease's function?
Temperature
Within the range of 40-60 degrees celsius, urease can function at its optimal level.
pH
The optimum pH for urease function is approximately 7.4.
Substrate concentration
The substrate concentration needs to be high enough so that limited enzymes' active sites are being left unused.
Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
The minimal presence of competitive enzyme inhibitors allows optimal urease function
Non-Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Minimal competitive enzymes being present will allow urease's function to be optimised.
Enzyme concentration
The enzyme concentration needs to be high enough to ensure that an excess of substrate is not left unbound to active sites.
Why are these conditions considered optimal for urease's function?
Competetive Enzyme Inhibitors
Occupy the active site in competition with the substrate, reducing the rate of reaction by making less active sites available
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Non-competitive enzyme inhibitors
Bind to the allestory site of enzyme and change shape of active site rendering enyme incable of binding to substrate
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Substrate Concentration
If the substrate concentration isn't high enough for all enzymes' active sites to be used, the rate of reaction will decrease.
pH
If the pH increases above 7.4, the concentration of hydrogen ions will decrease disrupting the enzymatic bonds, causing denaturation. If the pH decreases below 7.4, the concentration of hydrogen ions will begin to increase which also disrupts bonds within the enzyme. - Denaturation is an irreversible process that changes the shape of the active site. Changing the pH back to 7.4 will not reverse the damage to the bonds.
Temperature
If the temperature exceeds 60 degrees celsius, the enzyme begins to denature, changing the shape of the active site and restricting the substrate from binding to it. - Denaturation is irreversible as returning the temperature to normal will not reverse the damage that occurred during the process which caused the breakage of hydrogen bonds.
If the temperature drops below 40 degrees celsius, less kinetic energy will be generated from the heat, reducing the collisions between the urease and substrate, subsequently decreasing the chance of the substrate binding to the active site. - This process is reversible as no permanent damage is caused. Returning the temperature to optimal levels will increase kinetic energy and collisions, allowing the rate of reaction to return to normal.
Enzyme concentration
If the enzyme concentration is too low creating an excess of substrate that is unbound to active sites, the rate of reaction will decrease.
How can the urease's activity and effects be monitored?
Urease's primary function in waste management is the removal of urea from the substance. Ammonia and carbon dioxide are by-products of this process, therefore, measuring the quantity of the by-products being released will provide information on the rate of reaction.
Amylase
What are the optimal conditions for amylase's function?
Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Enzyme and substrate concentration
Temperature
pH
Non-Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Why are these conditions considered optimal for amylase's function?
Non-Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Temperature
Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Enzyme and substrate concentration
pH
How can the amylase's activity and effects be monitored?
Lipase
What are the optimal conditions for lipase function?
Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Enzyme and substrate concentration
Temperature
pH
Non-Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Why are these conditions considered optimal for lipase function?
pH
Temperature
Enzyme and substrate concentration
Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Non-Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
How can the lipase activity and effects be monitored?
Protease
What are the optimal conditions for protease function?
Enzyme and substrate concentration
Temperature
pH
Competitive inhibitor concentration
Non-competitive inhibitor concentration
Why are these conditions considered optimal for protease function?
Temperature
pH
Non-competitive inhibitor concentration
Competitive inhibitor concentration
Enzyme and substrate concentration
How can the protease activity and effects be monitored?
PETase
How can the PETase activity and effects be monitored?
Why are these conditions considered optimal for PETase function?
Temperature
pH
Competitive enzyme inhibitors
Non-competitive enzyme inhibtors
Enzyme and substrate concentration
What are the optimal conditions for PETase function?
Temperature
pH
Enzyme and substrate concentration
Non-competitive enzyme inhibitors
Competitive enzyme inhibitors
Cellulase
How can the cellulase's activity and effects be monitored?
Why are these conditions considered optimal for cellulase's function?
pH
Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Non-Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Temperature
Enzyme and substrate concentration
What are the optimal conditions for cellulase's function?
pH
Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Non-Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Temperature
Enzyme and substrate concentration