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Globalisation and education - Coggle Diagram
Globalisation and education
Globalisation
The world is increasingly becoming a smaller space and interconnected, meaning we are now being influenced by other cultures
Educational policies are becoming more influenced by other educational policies in other parts of the world
Hancock - education exports by Britain from independent schools, universities, educational publishers to 'priority markets' in Brasil, China, India
Policies to increase competition between countries in the global economy
Alexander identifies specific examples of policies implemented as a result of international comparisons
National literacy and numeracy strategies, which required every primary school to teach 2 hours a day of each subject
Raising the academic entry requirement for trainee teachers from 2012, derived from comparisons with Finland (world leader in international assessment)
'Master teachers' promised by the 2014 Labour party, proposed with state schools in mind, citing a similar policy in Singapore
Slimming down the National Curriculum to 'essential knowledge', which is the essential core knowledge that other nations pass on to their pupils
AO3
Kelly - makes education focused solely on preparing students for work and ignores wellbeing
Alexander - comparing the UK with Hong Kong and Singapore makes no sense as they are culturally different, so education systems are not comparable in scale (England has 23,000 schools, while Singapore has only 350)
Rishi Sunak - maths policy at A-Level to produce more competitive global workers
38.7% uptake of EBACC in schools (2021)
Policies that promote skills to meet the needs of the global economy
Anthony Kelly
British governments feel the need to ensure that schools cater for the economy, so workers can compete in a global economy by having valuable skills in the global market
There is more of an importance placed on social factors in educational policies, such as social cohesion, equality of opportunities, and appreciating cultures
Chance that all government policies around the world are similar as they all want to achieve the same objectives, and as a result, there is a trend towards privatisation, marketisation, leading to private schools recruiting international fee paying students
Professionalism of teachers undermined as managers and consultants are seen as experts in these programmes, and LEAs lose importance as global competition becomes more important than local needs
Policies that reflect globalisation
Emphasis on lifelong learning
Developing culture that recognises that knowledge and skills are not fixed
Greater opportunities in adult education for example, access course and wider participation of mature students at univesity
Greater emphasis on individual learning
Greater individualisation is reflected in education where students are encouraged to think about their own learning styles
Try to develop skills and qualifications that suit them
Usher and Thompson
In a globalised postmodern world, the education system needs to produce workers for a post-fordist society
Society requires learning to be individualised and flexible while producing life long active learners
AO3
Levelling Up Policy
Focus on improving 'cool areas' of underachievement and focusing on developing adult learning and restraining
Policy added £3.8 billion in funding for adult learning, giving 11 million to adults A-Level qualification and numeracy boost camps, set up in the most underachieving areas
T-Levels, focusing on more vocational areas
Ball
Points out that universities have increasingly marketed themselves to a global audience and often setting up overseas branches
Universities are keen to attract overseas students as they pay high fees whilst setting up abroad expands the university
For example, Liverpool University has set up a joint venture in China near Shanghai and Southampton University have developed universities in Malaysia
Globalisation and diversity
Creates diversity in types of schools and contributes to marketisation
Free schools are influenced by Scandinavian countires and academies were influenced by Charter schools in the US
Migration from globalisation can be linked to ethnicity and multicultural education policies or assimilation policies (eg. British values)
Banks
MCE is a set of educational strategies developed to assist teachers with the changing demographies of their students
Provides students with knowledge about the histories, cultures, and contributions of diverse groups
Also required more schools to cater for an increased number of students and for schools and teachers to be able to cater for students who are EAL
AO3
MCE is tokenism of diversity
Stone and Mirza - still ignores institutional racism and ethnocentric curriculum
Especially as British values were introduced alongside PREVENT
Globalisation and the privatisation of education
When services once owned and provided by the state are transferred to private companies
Ball and Youdell
Endogenous privatisation
Privatisation within the education system as schools and colleges begin to operate more like private businesses and bringing private sector values to the day to day running of schools
Competition between schools for students
Performance related pay for teachers
League tables
Parental choice
Formula funding
Academies / free schools
Exogenous privatisation
Privatisation from outside the school system, opening up to state education to private profit-making businesses
School services - training and staff development, school transport, agency workers, ICT, cleaning
Management of schools - private academy chains (Academies Enterprise Trust)
School inspections with private companies
Forming education policies
Running the examination system - Pearson Edexcel is run by multinational company, providing resources and qualifications in over 20 countries
Privatisation of education
The private sector is also penetrating education indirectly, for example through vending machines in schools, or the development of brand loyalty through displays of logos and sponserships
Ball - refers to this as the cola-isation of schools
Molnar - schools are targeted by private companies as they can use them for product endorsement and they can confer legitimacy to anything associated with them
Benefit
Benefit to schools and its pupils is limited
For example, according to Ball, Cadbury's sports equipment promotion was scrapped after it was revealed that pupils would have to eat 5440 chocolates just to qualify for a set of volleyball posts
Businesses cherry pick which students to invest in, which tends to be more successful schools