Elena Baechli (period 5)
Respiratory System

Major functions of the respiratory system

  • supply body with 02 for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2 a waste product of cellular respiration
  • respiratory and circulatory system are closely coupled - if either system fails, body's cells die from oxygen starvation
  • also functions in olfactory and speech

Respiration involves four processes

  • respiratory system
    1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of lungs
    2. External respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between llungs and blood
  • Circulatory system
    1. transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
    2. Internal respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Upper respiratory structures and functions

Nose (ecternal nose and nasal cavity)

  • Produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech
  • receptors for sense of smell

Paranasal sinuses

  • Lighten skull; may also warm, moisten, and filter incoming air

Pharynx

  • passageway for air and food
  • facilitates exposure of immune system to inhaled antigens

Lower respiratory structures and functions

Larynx

  • Air passageway; prevent food from entering lower respiratory tract
  • Voice production

Trachea

  • Air passageway; cleans, warms, and moisten incoming air

Bronchial tree

  • Air passageway, connecting trachea with alveoli; clean, warm, and moist incoming air

Alveoli

  • Main sides of gas exchange
  • surfacing reduces service tension; helps prevent lung collapse

Lungs

  • House respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi

Pleurae

  • Produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs

Layers of Pleurae

Pleurae

  • Then, double layered serosa membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two plate, compartment and mediastinum
    • Parietal Pleura: Membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diagram, around heart, and between lungs
    • Visceral Pleura: Membrane on extreme lung surface

Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration

Compare

  • They both use the same pathways
  • The air travels in the same direction in both
  • They both end in the lungs

Contrast

  • Inspiration occurs when the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract. Expiration occurs when the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax.
  • the lungs inhale, the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside

Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity

Atmospheric pressure (Patm)

  • pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
    Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
  • pressure in alevoli
    Transpulmonary pressure
  • pressure that keeps lung spaces open
    Intrapleural pressure
  • pressure in pleural cavity

Respiratory volumes and capacities

Tidal volume (TV)

  • amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
    Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  • amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
    Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
  • amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs
    Residual volume (RV)
  • amount of air that always remains in lungs

Combinations of two or more respiratory volumes

  • Inspiratory capacity (IC): sum of TV+IRV
  • Functional residual capacity (FRC): sum of RV+ERV
  • Vital Capacity (VC): sum of TV+IRV+ERV
  • Total lung capacity (TLC): sum of all lung volumes TV+IRV+ERV+RV

Internal vs. external respiration

External respiration

  • involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes
  • partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities

Internal Respiration

  • internal respiration involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues

Disorders of the respiratory system

COPD

  • includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
  • Treatment options are medication, antibiotics, and lung transport
  • Causes or risk Factors: age genetics, tobacco smoke

Tuberculosis

  • Bacteria infection caused by my bacterium tuberculosis
  • Treatment options are surgery medication, long-term antibiotics
  • Causes or risk factors: contagious, inhaled, drug and alcohol abuse, immune system

Pneumonia

  • Bacteria or viral infection of the lungs
  • Treatment options antibiotic oxygen therapy over the quarter medication
  • Causes or risk factors: viral infection, aspiration, exposure to infected

Lung cancer

  • uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
  • Treatment options, radiation chemotherapy surgical removal
  • Causes or risk factors: smoking, genetics rating, gas

Season flu

  • A viral infection: variation of this virus: changes the severity of symptoms
  • Treatment, options, early vaccination, Antiviral medication, rest, and hydration
  • causes or risk factors: droplets pregnancy