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Energy 3.4.1 - 3.4.7 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - LDC's with oil & gas reserves will take on FDI into their supplies to promote their economy
        
        Nigeria, Algeria, Libya, Angola are involved with several of the largest oil & gas companies such as BP, Shell, Eni & Chinese oil & gas/petroleum
    - - Vietnam exports increased from $11.5 billion to $147 billion in 14 years
      - GNI went from $2070 in 2000 to $5350 in 2014
    - - Fair for every country to develop. BUT the CO2 levels are rising to the extent of significant concern - that a paradox is created
      - Therefore, sustainable, renewable resources to develop without negativity effecting the world
      - The current way of economic growth by fossil fuels is not sustainable - Reliance & dependability has to change
    - - Growth in electricity reliant industries e.g. the cloud tech, is pushing demand for electricty upwards
      - Globalisation of trade has led to increased demand for energy in emerging economies outsourcing of manufacturing LMIC's e.g. Nike in Viewtnam
    - - HIC's have the money to invest in 'green energy' energy efficiency
      - LIC's could avoid traditional energy exploitation but the issue of reliance causes the paradox
      - Use microgeneration and HEC/solar power/wind/ for green energy demand
  - - - China
        
        Shanghai - 1,000 more cars travel through the city everyday
        
        Requires fuel or electricity - rapidly increases demand
      - Mexico
        
        Mexico City - 20 million people
        
        5 million cars
        
        Issues with congestion & traffic
        
        Fuel consumption has increased demand
        
        Gridlock of 6 hours - engine left on use fuel
    - - Air travel demand a substantial amount of petroleum fuel
  - - - Businesses like Amazon
    - - requires energy to support maintain & secure its servers
    - - 70% of data centres use 14% of Irelands electricty supply
      - 2030 should expect this to rise to 30%
    - - Efficiency increasing in modern electrics
      - Rules & regulations - maximum watts for labour saving devices - strategic ways to minimalising electric use
      - Smart Cities - Masdar
    - - Demand growing but exponentially eratically
      - Microgeneration using renewables e.g. solar power - small scale generation schemes for domestic use - solar powered schools in South Africa
    - - Technological increases availability of energy though the discovery & ability to exploit non-conventional sources - tar sands and shale gas
      - Technological increases demand for energy by consumerism of gadgets and electric-requiring proudcts
      - A02
        
        Can also decrease energy demand - Kiwi power - energy conservancy company designed to minimalise the use of electric and demnd for energy
  - - - Non-OECD's are having their industrial period post 2000's - therefore demand for energy is increasing
      - OECD's that have developed will increase management on how to control energy demand more sustainably than non-OECD's
      - Non-OECD's demand will account for 93% of the projected increase in energy demand to 2035
- - - - HEP restricted to high volume precipitation locations, maintains the hydrology required to sustain the HEP
      - Infrastructure of HEP is expensive - therefore its use is rare
  - - - Azerbaijan example
        
        Geological anomaly - shallow tropical seas creating enormous fossil fuels reserves very high up in the curst making it easily accessible
        
        Created a fossil fuel economic core for oil
        
        1900's - largest growing oil fields in the world
        
        Supported with middle eastern investment, Azerbaijan oil fields became a globally famous money making location
    - - Continental drift moves oil deposits to more accessible areas e.g. middle east. Other minerals such as salt make deep deposits move towards the surface
      - Nuclear energy
        
        Uranium 235 is the natural occurring uranium isotope used in nuclear fission to create energy
        
        'Iranium uranium' - geopolitical corners over the abundance of the source in Iran - found in ores within the geology
    - - Iceland - 90% of Iceland's buildings are heated by geothermal energy
      - Iceland has taken advantage of its tectonic involvement in its situation of being on a hotspot and on a plate boundary
      - Geothermal still contributes to >1% of the worlds energy use
  - - - rock type, formation & physical processes occurring in limestone
      - Rock type - influences distribution of goal & gas traps, their accessibility & amounts - long period of shallow sea = greater volume - seen across the middle eat
    - - factors occurring in the atmosphere relating to precipitation, temperature and light - can have global distribution - affecting reliability and volume
      - angle of insolation - heat and light - crucial for solar energy dependent on sunlight - 23.5 degrees North/South - India's biggest solar farm
      - Wind speed and direction - crucial for wind power - wind farms of turbines - onshore & offshore - mid latitude
      - Rainfall totals - crucial for hydro-electric power - gravity
    - - factors relating to the shape of the land, usually localised - affect volume
      - high elevation influences orographical rainfall totals - crucial for HEP
      - V-shaped valleys & impermeable geology influences surface storage crucial for HEP - upland areas, potential energy (gravity)
- - - - Rostows model of development
        
        Stage 1 to 5 - Dictates HIC, MIC, LIC & EE's
      - Consumption, demand, growth of development, industrialisation using ff's, affordability of sources, infrastructure enabling sources exploitation or transportation
    - - HIC
        
        Diversifying energy mix at stages 4 & 5 - economic tertiary and quaternary industry, moving from manufacturing to diverse, various supplies to secure a majority of supplies if one changes or suddenly retracts
      - MIC
        
        Economies take off/elevation in Rostow's, dominated by heavily manufacturing & mechanisation rising urbanisation, demand increased
      - LIC
        
        Traditional societies, rural areas, dependence on subsistence economies, low energy consumption, fuelwood e.g
      - Energy mix
        
        China's energy mix
        
        coal 60.6%, 8% gas, 18.1% oil, rest less than 5%
        
        France energy mix
        
        3.7% coal, 15.7% gas, 30.8% oil, 36.5% nuclear, biofuel & waste 8.7%, rest less than 5%
        
        DRC's energy mix
        
        2.4% oil, 3.6% tidal, 94% biofuel & waste
        
        Vietnam's energy mix
        
        49.1% coal, 6.6% gas, 24.1% oil, 7.2% tidal, 10.2% biofuel & waste, rest less than 5
  - - - Political factors
        
        Relationships with other countries
        
        International legislation - Paris agreements 2015, Kyoto 1997
        
        Determines our energy mix - government and where our mix is from
        
        Indicators of agreements not lawful contracts
        
        Indicate the direction of travel in the future for energy mix
  - - - Relates to the relationships between countries
      - International legislation, laws, agreements
        
        Paris Agreement 2015
        
        Kyoto Agreement 1997
        
        Refers to 'agreement' stating that this unification of nations is to agree on policies, but they are not forced to carry out this agreement. Therefore, for example, the Paris Agreement stated that coal use should be decreased, or nations should switch to natural gas instead of coal. But China continued its coal use after this, as it is not obligated to reduce its coal use
        
        Determines our energy mix - government decides, where our mix is from, and who is trustworthy enough to be depended on
        
        Agreements are simply an indicator of what countries should aim for in the future, concerning the sustainability of the current energy mix
        
        UK shut off all coal-powered stations, reduced its use and demand, altered to using natural gas - which is less carbon dense, and more efficient as a fuel, while emitting less CO2
    - - Russia vs Ukraine 2022
        
        limited supply to Europe - Germany stockpiled storage of fossil fuels
        
        Nord Stream 2 pipeline from Russia to Europe was shut down
        
        Source of fuel had to be re-determined. Which put Europe in a difficult place, since OPEC raised costs, so they looked to non-OPEC members like USA to temporarily supply Europe
      - Countries with supplies (sources) look to exploit or at least prepare to use it in case of war/conflict, to maintain their energy security
    - - Cost vs benefit of exploitation
      - Strategic pricing - affects availability of fossil fuels
      - Lack of turnover leads to less investment into renewables, alternates back to fossil fuel exploitation which is demanded and prioritised
    - - Externally - act as trade bloc
      - Internally - no tariffs/quotas on production and transportation
      - Can use infrastructure to guarantee supply - European supergrid
  - - - Nuclear plants require long-term investment and patience - building and preparing a nuclear plant takes a minimum of 10 years
      - Uranium source - Therefore, nuclear reliant countries without uranium have to buy it from those who do
      - Is seen as a risky option (NZ, SW, FL), but is also seen as a valuable alternative as countries shift their mix away from fossil fuels
      - Enormous potential, is reliable and secure (produced in country boundaries)
    - - Political risks
        
        Iran
        
        Iran is a nuclear dense country - with an abundance of the raw material
        
        Nuclear energy and nuclear weapon development from 1980's to 2000's with help from Russia after USA denied them help
        
        Hence why Iran and Russia are very close allies
        
        Up until 2006 - Iran wouldn't use nuclear power as an option for energy supply due to United Nations sanctions that Iran understanding the capability of Uranium is too much of a risk
        
        Since 2006 - Iran has continued its nuclear development - but closely watched by Supranational institutions like the UN
        
        IAEA - International atomic energy association
      - Ethical risks
        
        NZ, SW, FL refuse to use it as an option for energy, won't take the risk of something going wrong - Safety is more important
        
        Japan 2011 - Tsunamic hit Japanese coastline, flooded a nuclear reactor causing significant worry over after a real insident
        
        Few years later, Japan have nuclear energy secured in the energy mix because they need it, or cannot afford to loose it as a supply of energy
  - - - Security of supplies through transfers
      - Infrastructure for exploitation and transfer
      - Level of development
      - National & international legislation
      - Cultural preferences
    - - Physical hazards
      - Level of availability of physical sources
      - Example - nuclear energy, nuclear components are not allowed in NZ FL SW due to the risk to safety ratio
- - - - Finite resources are too depended on
      - But global opinions show people would rather continue with fossil fuels than pay the cost of non-conventional and renewables
  - - - Costs of renewable alternatives and fossil fuels, money spent on energy transport via pipes on land and underwater
      - Globally widespread - regional pipelines are used globally for transportation - Russia to Germany in Nord Stream 1 & 2
      - Costed 7.4 billion euros
      - Canada to USA pipeline covers 4,860km transporting oil and gas across North America - Keystone pipelines
    - - Transportation of oil and gas across on land and underwater territory relies on international diplomacy and cooperation
      - Russia invading Ukraine in 2022 provoked Russia to end its supply to Europe via the Nord Stream 2, therefore countries that had not stored emergency fuel were in crisis - Germany - Germany stock bought from Russia what was on offer leaving the rest of western Europe to look for alternatives - OPEC took advantage and increased there prices - leaving nations like the UK and France to look to the USA for support
      - Gazprom denied Europe of its oil and gas
      - Iran 2020 political issue
        
        In 202 the Gulf Sky disappeared within the Strait of Homuz
        
        bordering Iran, the arguably insecure chokepoint is very popular for geopolitical tensions
        
        The Gulf Sky carrying 145,000 metric tonnes of oil from Greece (Polembros) to Oman taif mining
        
        The US and UK implemented survey warships to maintain the situation within the Strait of Hormuz - became a global issue of international mistrust
    - - Deep water horizon - regional scale oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
      - Located in the Mississippi canyon, along the continental shelf, Gulf of Mexico - contaminated the coast of Louisiana, Alabama, Florida & Mississippi
      - April 20th 2010 - BP owned offshore oil station had a mechanical malfunction - the clean up workforce, released 1.4 million gallons of chemical dispersants in the GoM to reduce further environmental damage
      - The issue was a surge of natural gas blasted through a concrete core during extraction, resulting in 57,500 square miles of gas spills across the GoM waters
    - - Kiwi power issues of upscailing project to reduce energy demand
      - Global issue, as electricity cannot be generated, therefore it fluctuates
      - Development of modern electricity to upgrade efficiency. Electrification of private sector. Automated management of elecricty demand on the consumption side
      - Large distribution of Kiwi power in Japan and Texas USA
      - Reduction of energy consumption can be solved with greater efficiency devices, reserving electric which decreases demand
      - Kiwi power is modern & expensive to sustain - therefore, its presence is only noticed in HIC's and possibly some MIC's
- - - - Example
    - - Example
    - - Non-renewable energy
        
        Coal/Coal/Oil/Natural Gas/Nuclear fission
      - Renewable energy
        
        Infinite
        
        Geothermal/Tidal/Hydro/Wind/Solar/Wave
        
        Critical renewable
        
        Biofuel/Biomass/Nuclear fusion/fuel wood
  - - - Uninterupted access to reliable sources of supply, at affordable price
      - Risks to energy security
        
        Physical - few reserves, exhausted or supply lines disrupted
        
        Example - Japan 2010 - Nuclear power plant disabled after tsunami wave
        
        Environmental - Green protests, associated with using alternative and cleaner energy sources
        
        Economic - Fluctuations of energy prices, adverse effect on development and costs of oil - Financial crash 2008
        
        Geopolitical - Chokepoints - locations under stress or complication from human or physical factors
      - Measured
        
        Diversity - The range of countries reliant on imports of energy sources
        
        Intensity - the degree in which countries are dependent on oil and gas
        
        Availability - proven reserves & unproven reserves
    - - Known reserves - non-exploited
      - Prediction of supply from reserves
      - Prediction of the capable support time for global consumption
    - - Political instability in energy producing & transporting regions - causes concern on energy security - due to the severity of depedency of constant energy supply
    - - Oil
        
        OPEC - Organisation of oil producing countries - dominates the middle east
        
        Controlled reserves by OPEC contribute to 72% of proven reserves
        
        Clusters around middle east, USA had large supplies, as does Russia
        
        Venezuela will dominate in the future, largest reserves with ,less demand and consumption rates
      - Coal
        
        Much less clustered around middle east
        
        Asia - pacific very important for coal
        
        Coal - most abundant & widely distributed fossil fuel in the world
        
        USA has become less dependent on coal as it has shifter to using alternatives such as shale gas/oil & Far sands
        
        USA,Russia,China & middle east with current largest supplies - but demand and consumption may cause issues
      - Gas
        
        Dominates middle east & Asia pacific in future + Russia
        
        USA over-production and extreme consumption has consequently left little of the source left
  - - - Shale gas/oil production
      - Tar sands
    - - R/P
        
        Reserves at end of year / amount of produced
      - Shift from non-renewables (finites) to renewable sources
    - - Uneven distribution
- - - - Stockpiling on oil & gas
        
        UK stores enough for 9 days without any transfer from external sources
        
        After Russia invaded Ukraine, Russia turned off its supply to Europe - Germany stockpiled on oil and gas creating shortages for the rest of Europe
        
        Issues
        
        Countries seek to maintain a stable supply of oil & gas to sustainably retain energy security
        
        Buying gas in advance, importing & storing it to avoid fluctuating prices or deprivation of source
        
        A02
        
        Diplomatic crisis - affects storage
        
        German storage increased as Russia transport closed off its supply
        
        Caused a price increase - rapidly rose - shortages for countries reliant on buying marketed oil & gas
        
        Unexpected weather events - beast from the east 2018 - blackout possibilities due to a lack of supply
    - - Countries with high demand, than domestic supply (boat or pipe)
      - Example - UK manages supply through buying & importing energy sources from a range of countries
      - Undersea & on-land pipes / boats (supertankers)
      - Issues
        
        Chokepoints
        
        Suez canal & the Arabian sea issue in 2020
        
        Iran 2020 - the 'Gulf Sky' supertanker carrying 145,000 metric tonnes of oil disappeared of the shores of Iran - UN intervene with warship surveyors
        
        The Gulf Sky transporting Polembros (greek) to Oman Taif mining
        
        Terrorism & conflict
        
        Affordability of tranportation
        
        Price of shipping - price of demand
        
        Vulnerability - physical & economic
        
        2009 - Gazprom Russia, closed its supply lines due to political & conflict
    - - MNC's & national companies control the supply
      - Privatisation & nationalism - decides what's sold to who and how much is sold
      - unpredictability
        
        prices naturally fluctuate
        
        Global events - political conflicts - rise the demand & supply but security changes
      - Issues
        
        Higher price - earn more money - spent on exploiting more reserves or putting money into renewables alternatives
        
        OPEC
        
        Organisation of petroleum exporting countries
        
        Controls 77.2% of global supply
        
        OPEC has global political influences by restricting or limiting supply of oil & gas
        
        By the scale of output quotas, OPEC can control the price at high enough to make good money, while not too high that they don't seel enough
        
        A02
        
        Short term - temporary - finite source
        
        Control energy security of oil & gas
        
        Altering expectations of prices to make money
        
        If non-OPEC members can buy from non-OPEC countries if OPEC is non-negotiating
        
        OPEC opponent USA
        
        Can alternate to its own supply
        
        Non-conventional sources
        
        Shale gas & tar sands
        
        When the non-OPEC members run out of supply and don't want to spend too much money on OPEC source - they turn to non-OPEC members
        
        Global players in oil and gas control the security of energy as well as the supply to its chosen trading partners
    - - Alliances between those with oil & gas or no oil & gas
      - EU - support regional supply
      - OPEC - global players controlling prices of energy
      - Issues
        
        Strategic alliances help balance supply and demand
        
        Geopolitical weapon of global economics
        
        Insecure, secure, vulnerability
        
        affordability issues
        
        OPEC
        
        South Africa
        
        Iraq
        
        Iran
        
        Kuwait
        
        UAE
        
        Nigeria
        
        Angola
    - - Point 1
        
        There is an imbalance in supply and demand caused by an uneven distribution of oil & gas
        
        Mismatch between demand and availability
        
        Countries are reliant on those with oil and gas, to be imported, via energy pathways
      - Point 2
        
        Geopolitical power, oil & gas controlling countries decide on the availability of its resources
        
        Countries without supply rely on demand from others
        
        Demand is not always where the supply is
      - Point 3
        
        Issues associated with energy, security and vulnerability
        
        Oil and gas are finite, Purchasing on varying oil and gas prices with negociations
        
        Guarantee a supply
      - Top 15 global energy companies
        
        Saudi Arabia - Saudi Aramco
        
        China - Sinopec
        
        USA - Exxon Mobil
        
        Dutch & British - Royal Dutch Shell
        
        Kuwait - Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
        
        British - BP
        
        Russia - Gazprom
        
        USA - Chevron Corporation
      - Oil & gas exploration is expensive but can be lucrative
        
        FDI - foreign direct investment
        
        Control passes from government to MNC's that exploit it
        
        Energy security - nationalised makes sure energy is controlled by the country
      - BP
        
        Operates globally
        
        Mixture of privatisation in companies with nationalisation
      - Gazprom
        
        Mixutre of nationalisation & privatisation
        
        Government owned & wealthy business owned
        
        Government owns 38% - Russia oligarchs own 62%
        
        Rosneft oil & gas - controlled by Russian government through Rosneft company - but shares still owned in company