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Continuation of Chapter 2.4 for Geography - Coggle Diagram
Continuation of Chapter 2.4 for Geography
Volcanic Hazards
Tephra
Human Systems
Volcanic bombs can damage properties and kill people
When saturated with water, the weight of ash can double
Ash that accumulates on building rooftops can cause it to collapse
Ash is corrosive in nature
Weakens structures of buildings
Thick blankets of ash can damage farmland
Suffocates crops and destroys livelihoods
Airspaces are closed as ash particles can damage plane engines
Ashfall can cause respiratory problems, eye irritation and suffocates people
Natural Systems
Ash can pollute forests, rivers and habitats by being carried by prevailing wind
Ash can suffocate and kill wildlife
Ash can cause blindness to birds; eyelids are gummed together
Volcanic Gases
Acid rain is produced when sulfur dioxide is mixed with rainwater
(natural and human systems)
Large amounts of carbon dioxide, heavier than air when cold, can kill wildlife and destroy vegetation
(natural systems)
Sulfur dioxide irritates skin, nose, eyes and throat
Over 3% carbon dioxide concentration in the air can cause headaches and breathing difficulties
Over 15% carbon dioxide concentration, it can cause death
(Human Systems)
Pyroclastic Flows
Huge areas of forests may be destroyed and polluted
Biodiversity loss
(Natural Systems)
Hot flows can burn through homes, properties and infrastructure in their path
(Human Systems)
Hot flows can destroy electricity and communication cables
(Human Systems)
Extreme temperatures can burn and kill people
(Human Systems)
Lahars
Covers forests with thick mud which hardens like concrete, destroying them
(Natural Systems)
Pollutes rivers
(Natural systems)
Buries houses and buildings and covers farms with thick mud
(Human Systems)
Roads and railways can be blocked by debris and damages communication cables, water and gas pipes
Makes it harder to supply emergency aid and disrupts services
(Human Services)
Benefits of Living Near Volcanoes
Farming with fertile soil
Over many years, volcanic rocks break down and undergo weathering. This forms fertile soil
Produces higher crop yields, which locals can greatly benefit from when they sell these crops
Extracting Precious Minerals and Fossil Fuels
Magma may cool and solidify beneath volcanoes, forming copper, silver and gold
Governments will sell these materials, generating revenue
volcanic materials such as ash and sand can be mined and used as construction materials
Harnessing Geothermal Energy
Derived from the Earth's crust, geothermal energy can be harnessed
Hot rocks beneath Earth's surface heat up groundwater and produce steam
Electricity is produced
Tourism
Tourists are attracted to tectonic environments, where they can engage in activities like sightseeing
Provides locals with employment opportunities, boosting local economic development