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THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN - Coggle Diagram
THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XII: STABILITY OF THE REGIME
The Bourbon Restoration is the period that began when the Bourbon dynasty returned to the Spanish throne. Alfonso XII
Constitution of 1876 and turnismo
Constitution of 1876
Suffrage
It was not regulated by the constitution and the governments were allowed to choose the system
After that, there was universal manhood suffrage
Rights and freedoms
Many rights were declared, but it was a slow process. Freedom of expression, association (political parties and trade unions) and assembly were often restricted
Parliament
formed by an elected Congress and Senate
Religion
Catholicism was the official religion. Although other religions were permitted, public expressions of those religions were prohibited
Sovereignty
in the hands of the parliament and king
Turnismo
system introduced by conservative politician Cánovas del Castillo. The two main parties, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party
to alternate their terms in power in order to avoid military uprisings
TURNISMO
Turnismo was based on the corrupt alternation of parties in power. First, the government or king decided whose turn it was to govern
Electoral manipulation was used to win elections, and the results were altered
Conservative Party, founded by Cánovas del Castillo, was a group of moderate politicians
aristocracy, the wealthiest bourgeoisie and the traditional middle classes
Liberal Party, founded by Sagasta
supporters were members of the progressive and regionalist middle class
turnismo falsified the normal functioning of the parliamentary system. It is usually not known who is going to govern until an election is held
The election was manipulated in favour of the party that the king had chosen to form a government. This fraudulent practice had a negative impact on the regime
Other political parties
Republican Party
Socialist Workers’ Party
Regionalist League of Cataluña.
Basque Nationalist Party
Because
were never given the opportunity to govern
THE REGENCY OF MARÍA CRISTINA: CRISIS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
sectors of the Catalan and Basque nationalist movements began to state their proposals
Catalan nationalism
the first newspaper in Catalan began to be published.
Catalan nationalists wanted Cataluña to be recognised as a nation and to play an active role in Spanish politics
However, Cataluña, the País Vasco and Galicia stood out.
Their proposals for decentralisation were linked to cultural movements that defended the expression of their own culture
different political movements emerged
were dissatisfied with the uniform centralism
regional problem
Basque nationalism
Sabino Arana
Basque nationalism had no Spanish dimension
wanted Basque national sovereignty
still electoral fraud
real Spain became more pronounced
many citizens were not represented in Parliament
colonial problem
Although universal manhood suffrage was introduced in 1890
still electoral fraud
Cuba made constant demands for greater political and commercial autonomy
problem of popular representation
Cuban wars of 1868–1878
Cuban independence fighters, aided by the United States, and the Spanish, who did not want the island
pregnant with the future king, Alfonso XIII.
The United States intervened in the conflict between Cuban independence fighters and the Spanish army in 1898. Spain eventually lost the war
Alfonso XII died of tuberculosis. His second wife, María Cristina, became the regent
Spain ceded Cuba
the Philippines, Puerto Rico
These events became known as the Disaster of 1898
crisis
Spain’s colonial losses were a major blow to Spanish morale, as more than 80,000 people died
The income that the colonies provided was also lost. Spain’s government, parties that supported turnismo and its leaders were accused of poor political management and lost credibility
GRADUAL ECONOMIC MODERNISATION IN SPAIN
Spain’s population grew less than those of other European countries during the 19th century
This limited growth was the result of continued disaster-related high death rates because of wars
famines and epidemics of diseases such as smallpox, measles, yellow fever, malaria and cholera
AGRICULTURAL CHANGES
There was still inequality of land ownership
CACIQUISMO
had a large social influence
controlled employment contracts and municipal jobs
had armed followers who intimidated the population
Caciques were large landowners
rigged elections
results were favourable to their interests
FINANCIAL CHANGES
In order for the economy to grow, financial institutions that could provide capital and loans to businesses, such as banks and credit institutions, were required
the main problem was that little tax was collected and the Spanish tax system was unfair, penalising poorer people
In 1865, the Banco de España was founded, and many credit associations were established
