Breast, Thoracic Wall, and Lungs

Thoracic Wall

Breast

Lungs

Vascular Supply, Innervation, lymphatic drainage

Lactiferous Apparatus

  1. Discuss the components of the lactiferous apparatus.
  1. Why is the nipple able to become erect? What is the pigmented area surrounding it called?

Fascial Layers

  1. Between which two fascial planes is the retromammary space located?

Answer

Btwn deep pectoral fascia and superficial fascia

Fatty Tissue of the breast

  1. Discuss the vascular supply, innervation, and lymphatic drainage of the breast.
  1. What is the function of the suspensory ligaments?
  1. What is the axillary tail of the mammary gland?

Intercostal muscles

  1. List the muscles that are found within the intercostal space - from superficial to deep.
  1. Be able to label a diagram of a cross-section through the thorax showing you understand the arrangement of the 3 layers of intercostal muscles that form the thoracic wall. In which direction do the fibers of each of the layers extend? Where does each fade into membranous attachments? Where does the intercostal neurovascular bundle run?

Intercostal Neurovasculature

  1. From what vessel do the posterior intercostal arteries arise? From which vessel do their anterior counterparts arise?

Thoracic Wall Muscles

  1. What are the 3 muscles that form the deepest layer of the thoracic wall muscles?

Innervation

  1. What structure(s) innervate the intercostal muscles?
  1. In what order is each intercostal neurovascular bundle arranged? What is the relationship with the structure of the rib? Which component of the neurovascular bundle is least protected? What is the clinical implication?
  1. What is the fascial layer found between the intercostal muscles and the pleura?
  1. What is the suprapleural membrane? What serous membrane lines each compartment of the
    thoracic cavity?

Pleura

  1. What are the various divisions of the parietal pleura? How does the innervation of parietal pleura
    differ from visceral? Where is parietal pleura continuous with visceral pleura?
  1. What is the pulmonary ligament? (hilum & site where visceral & parietal pleura meet)

Pleural Recess

  1. What is a pleural recess? Name two pleural recesses. Cite a clinical implication of these recesses.
  1. What causes the visceral pleura to adhere to the parietal pleura?
  1. What is a pneumothorax? What is a hemothorax?

Anatomy

  1. Be able to label a diagram of the anatomical surface features of the lungs

Blood Supply

  1. What vessels supply lung tissue with oxygenated blood?
  1. What is the relationship between bronchi and pulmonary arteries? What is the relationship between
    bronchi and pulmonary veins?

Tracheobronchial Tree

  1. What does a main (primary) bronchus supply? What does a secondary bronchus supply? What does
    a tertiary bronchus supply?
  1. What is a bronchopulmonary segment (BPS)? How many BPS's are found in each lung? What is the
    clinical implication of BPSs?

Lymphatics

In what order is each intercostal neurovascular bundle arranged? What is the relationship with the structure of the rib? Which component of the neurovascular bundle is least protected? What is the clinical implication?

How does the vasculature and innervation of parietal pleura differ from visceral pleura?

  1. To what nodes do the superficial and deep lymphatics of the lung drain? Where are these nodes
    located? From here the lymph passes to what other groups located long the bronchus and trachea?

Innervation

What is the innervation pattern to the lungs. Which nerves carry sympathetic and parasympathetic
fibers to the lungs?

Discuss the innervation pathway for reflexive and nociception visceral sensory fibers.