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Fallacy - Coggle Diagram
Fallacy
What is Fallacy
one of the central task for logic
is to identify the ways in which we are temped to reason incorrectly
one reasons incorrectly
when the premises of an argument fail
to support its conclusion
arguments of that sort may called fallacious.
any error in reasoning is a fallacy
any mistaken, idea or false belief may sometimes be labeled fallacy
In this narrower sense
each fallacy is a type of incorrect arguments
many different arguments may make an error
it may exhibit the same kind of mistake in reasoning
logical fallacy is an error in reasoning
that occurs when invalid arguments or irrelevant points
are introduced without any evidence to support them
Clasification of fallacies
Fallacies of relevance.
are the most numerous and the most frequently encountered
the premisesof the argument are simply not relevant to the conclusion
they are made to appear to be relevant
they may deceive
We will distinguish and discuss
R1: The appeal to the populace
• R2: The appeal to emotion
• R3: The red herring
• R4: The straw man
• R5: The attack on the person
• R6: The appeal to force
• R7: Missing the point (irrelevant conclusion)
Fallacies of defective induction
which are also common, the mistake arises from the fact that the premises of the argument,
although relevant to the conclusion,
are so weak and ineffective that relying on them is a blunder.
We will distinguish and discuss:
D1: The argument from ignorance
• D2: The appeal to inappropriate authority
• D3: False cause
• D4: Hasty generalization
Fallacies of presumption
too much is assumed in the premises
The inference to the conclusion depends mistakenly on these unwarranted assumption
We will distinguish and discuss
Fallacies of ambiguity
The incorrect reasoning in fallacies of ambiguity
arises from the equivocal use of words or phrases.
Some word or phrase in one
part of the argument has a meaning different
from that of the same word or
phrase in another part of the argument.
We will distinguish and discuss:
A1: Equivocation
• A2: Amphiboly
• A3: Accent
• A4: Composition
• A5: Division