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Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostais III - Coggle Diagram

- - - - In the hypothalamus in the brain
      - Receptors in the thermoregulatory centre are sensetive ot the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain
      - Receptors in the skin send information about skin temperature via nervous impulses
      - The receptors are located in the epidermis (outer layer of skin) and dermis (deep layer of skin)
      - Thermoregulatory centre receives information about body temperature from receptors
  - - - Erector muscles in the dermis relax, hairs on the skin lie flat, less air trapped near the surface of the skin, and no insulating air surrounding the skin, allowing heat to be transferred to the surroundings
      - Sweat is produced by sweat glands in the dermis, and released on the skin's surface through pores in the epidermis. When sweat evapourates from the skin, more thermal energy is lost to the surroundings
      - Blood vessels supplying skin capillaties dilate ( get wider) so more blood flows close to the surface of the skin (vasodilation), this helps tranfer energy to the environment and cools us down
  - - - Erectors muscles in the dermis contract, making the hairs stand up, it traps and insulating layer of air next to the skin, reducing the amount of energy transferred to the environments
      - Very little sweat is produced
      - Blood vessels supplying skin capillaries constrict (get narrower) to reduce the skin's blood supply (vasocontriction), less blood flows close to the skin's surface so less Less thermal energy is lost to the surroundings
      - You shiver as muscles contract automatically, increasing respiration rate, which transfers more energy to warm the body
- - - - Blood from the renal artery flows throuhg a network of capillaries called the glomerulus and into the bowman's capsule
      - The high pressure in the glomerulus is creates by the narrow artery that goes out of the bowman's capsule
      - Bigger molecules like proteins and blood cells can't pass through the membranes between the bownman's capsule and the glomerulus, so remain in the blood
    - - Filtered liquid leaves the Bowman's capsule ad passes through the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule
      - As the liquid flows along these parts, useful substances are selective reabsorbed into the blood
      - All glucose in the liquid is reabsrobed by active transport (against the concentration gradient)
      - A sufficeint amount of ions and the necessary water are also reabsorbed
    - - Whatever isn't reabsorbed from the nephron into the blood (urea, excess water/ ions) continues out of the nephron wia the collecting duct
      - It then passes into the ureter and down the bladder as urine, which is then released from the bladder through the ureter
  - - - A receptor in the brain detects the water content is too high
      - The brain receives the information and coordinates a response
      - The pituitary gland releases less ADH, so the collecting duct becomes less permeable and less water is reabsorbed
    - - Receptor in the brain detects the water content is too low
      - Brain receives information and coordinates a response
      - Pituitary galdn releases more ADH, so more collecting ducts become more permeable and more water is reabsorbed
- - - - Radiation and convection from the environment
      - Muscle contraction
      - General metabolism
    - - Ecrementation
      - Sweating