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Respiratory System Aubrey Menchaca P : 5 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Aubrey Menchaca P : 5
Major functions of the respiratory system
Pulmonary ventilation - Movement of air into and out of lungs
Supply blood with o2 for cellular respiration and dispose of co2, a waste product of cellular respiration
External respiration - exchange of o2 and co2 between lungs and blood
Functions in olfaction and speech
Respiratory and circulatory system are closely coupled - if either fails, body's cells die from oxygen starvation
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nasal Cavity
divided by midline nasal septum
Found within and posterior to external nose
Paranasal sinuses
Lighten skull
Secrete muscus
Located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Form ring around nasal cavities
Help warm and moisten air
Nose
Provides airway for respiration
moistens and warms entering air
Only external portion of respiratory system
serves as resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors
Pharynx
Oropharynx - Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
Nasopharynx - Air passageway posterior to nasal cavity. Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swalllowing
Palatine tonsils - located in lateral walls of fauces
Lingual tonsils - location on posterior surface of tongue
Laryngopharynx - passageway for food and air. Extends to larynx, where it is continous with esophagus
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Trachea
-
Extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi
Wall composed of Mucosa, Submucosa, Adventitia
Carina - last tracheal cartilage which is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
Bronchi
Conducting zone structures
Each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung
Three on right and two on left - Bronchus supplies, Bronchus branches, and Bronchi divide
Trachea divides to form right and left main ( primary ) bronchi
Respiratory zone structures
Finally leads into alveolar sacs which contain clusters of alveoli
~300 million alveoli make up most lung volume
Begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles, which lead to alveolar ducts
Sites of actual gas exchange
Larynx ( voice box )
opens into laryngopharynx and is continous with trache
Provides patent airway, Routes air and food into proper channels, and voice production
extends from 3rd and 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to hyoid bone
Lungs
-
Costal surface - anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
Apex - superior tip, deep to clavicle
Root - site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediustium
Hilum - Site for entry / exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for mediastinum
Epiglottis
consist of elastic cartilage
covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing
covered in taste bud-containing mucosa
Diaphragm
- When it contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out, resulting in thoracic volume
Layers of the pleurae
Parietal pleura
- Membrane on thoracic wall. Superior face of diaphragm and around heart.
Visceral Pleura
- Membrane on external lung surface
Pleurae
- Thing, double - layered Serosal membrane. Divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and Mediostinum
Pleural fluid
fills slitlike
plueral cavity
between two pleura - provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
Action of diaphragm is when diaphragm contracts, moving inferiorly and flattening out
Action of intercostal muscles which is external intercostals contracting and rib cage is lifted up and out
Active processing involving inspiratory muscles
Forced inspirations can occur during vigorous exercise or in with with COPD
Expiration
Inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases and lungs recoil
Volume decrease causes intrapulmonary pressure to increase
Quiet expiration is passive process
Forced expiration which is an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as internal intercostal muscles
Both
Mechanical process that depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity
Volume changes lead to pressure changes
Pressure varies inversely with volume
Volume and pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Intrapulmonary pressure
- pressure in alveoli which fluctuates with breathing
Transpulmonary pressure
- pressure that keeps lung spaces open
Atmospheric pressure
- pressure exerted by air surrounding body
Intrapleural pressure
- pressure in pleural cavity and has two inward forces promote lung collapse
Pressure in pleural cavity
Fluctuates with breathing
ALWAYS a negative pressure
Two inward forces promote
lung collapse
Surface tension of alveolar fluid
Lungs' natural tendency to recoil
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Tidal Volume
- Amount of air moved in and out of lung with each breath
Residual Volume
- Combinations of two or more respiratory volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume
- Amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
- Amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs
Vital capacity ( VC )
- TV + IRV + ERV
Inspiratory capacity ( IC )
- TV + IRV
Functional residual capacity ( FRC )
- RV + ERV
Total lung capacity ( TLC )
- TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Interval vs. external respiration
Internal
involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
External
Involves the exchange of o2 and co2 across respiratory membranes
steep partial pressure gradient for o2 exists between blood and lungs
Diffusion of gasses between blood and lungs
Venous blood Po2 = 40 mm Hg
Alveolar Po2 = 104 mm Hg
Disorders of the respiratory system
Tuberculosis
- Bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pneumonia
- Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
COPD
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder includes chronic bronchitis
Lung Cancer
- Uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lung
Tonsillitis
- Infected swollen tonsils which can block air passage in nasopharynx, making it necessary to breathe through the mouth
Seasonal flu
- Viral infection ; there are many variations of the virus and changes rapidly