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THE BEGINING OF THE MODERN AGE (01 FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE MODERN AGE)…
THE BEGINING OF THE MODERN AGE (01 FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE MODERN AGE)
01 FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE MODERN AGE
Introduction
The Modern Age was also the period after the Middle Ages
The Modern Age was a time of change and new inventions.
SOCIETY AND FEUDAL ECONOMY
3 SOCIAL GROUPS
NOBLES
didn't work
Only the king or other nobles could judge them
didn't pay taxes
most important member of the nobility
lords and feudal manors
collected taxes from the inhabitants
administered the justice
CLERGY
Social and spiritual function
collected tithes for their own benefit
Administered justice
Didn't pay taxes
Bishops (high-born members of the clergy)
could
Be feudal lords
Have feudal manors like nobles
COMMON PEOPLE
Composed by
Peasants
craftsmen
Traders
Doctors
Jurists
No justice system of their own
Judged by their lords
If they lived on a feudal manor
Judged by the king
If they lived on a realengo
They paid txes
To support the privilages estates and the monarchy
COLLECTIVE PRIVILEGES: CITIES
Cities enjoyed the main type of collective privileges
Monarchs granted cities privileges
Collecting taxes
Enjoying monopolies
Administering jusrtice in the towns under their jurisdiction
MONARCH AND THEIR KINGDOMS
Power was very fragmented and disputed between monarchs, privileged estates and cities.
Political and social conflict
armed conflict between nobles
violence between groups of citizens
rebellions against monarchs and feudal lords
Institutions such as estate courts and parliaments endured where the monarchs and the privileged groups
In their kingdoms they could negotiate pacefully under the king's authoriry
MONARCHIES OF THE 16TH CENTURY
Most Europeans lived in
Portugal
England
France
kingdoms joined together under the same ruler to create composite monarchies
made up of equal kingdoms
maintained their own laws and institutions
Expamples
Poland-Lithuania
Kalmar Union (Denmark, Sweden and Norway)
Crown of Aragón
independent political entities
Duchy of Burgundy
Duchy of Austria
Italian republics
Papal States
Governed by the Pope in Rome
Holy Roman Emprire
political entity with little internal cohesion
The title of Emperor offered more prestige than real power
many territories in the Empire (from the Italian republics to kingdoms like Bohemia), were very independent
BASIC TRAITS OF A NEW ERA
ECONOMIC CHANGES
Craft, trade and financial activity experienced a big boom
Agriculture and livestock farming continued to be the main economic activites
Geographical exploration and discovery increased
Intensified the trade and the use of money
Particulary in some ares of Western Europe
CULTURAL CHANGES
New artistics styles appeared
Renaissence
Architecture
New cultural movements
Humanism
Invention of the printing press
Europeans discovered new continents
RELIGIOUS CHANGES
Intolerance
Jews
Muslims
Wars between christians
SOCIAL CHANGES
The third state become more diversed and complex
Burgoisie adquired influence and wealth
Salary work increased
Demographyc recovery
POLITICAL CHANGES
Monarchies gained power
Royal courts become more powerful
More people was involved in the goverment
Nobility
Clergy
Burgeoidisie
THE FACTORS BEHIND THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY
INTRODUCTION
15th and 16th centuries are known for the geographical discoveries made through sea voyages
There were several factors in Europe at that time that led people to explore the world
ECONOMIC FACTORS
Europeans needed gold and silver to produce coins
depended on products from the East, such as silk and spices
Byzantium was taken by the Ottoman Turks in 1453
traditional trade route to obtain spices closed
they had to search for alternate routes
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
population went through a period of growth
increased the demand for precious metals and products from the East
POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS FACTORS
religious rivalry with Islam, which was reinforced by the Ottomans
conflict was particularly noticeable in the Iberian kingdoms, where the spirit of the Crusades continued, although it was felt in all European Christian kingdoms.
SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS
The spirit of the Renaissance inspired people to discover and explore
Books like The Travels of Marco Polo acted as inspiration.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS
Advances were made in navigation with new ships
carracks
caravels
Many geographers also started to believe that the world was round and not flat
