Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Amanda Gil Period 3 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Amanda Gil Period 3 Respiratory System
Major Functions
obtains oxygen from the atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide from body cells
consists of tubes that filter, warm, and moisture incoming air and transport it into the gas exchange area
consists of microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
removes particles from incoming air
regulates temperature and water content of the air
provides vocal sounds and help in sense of smell
regulates blood pH
includes respiration which is the process of gas exchange between atmosphere and cells
Volume and Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
diaphragm contracts and moves downward- enlarging the thoracic cavity
increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure in lungs to decrease
diaphragm and intercostal muscles are muscles that expand the thoracic cavity for normal inspiration
in expiration the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and lungs recoil-decreasing thoracic cavity volume
Internal vs External Respiration
Internal: gas exchange between the blood and body cells
External: gas exchange between the lungs and blood
ventilation: movement of air in/out of lungs
gas transport: blood between lungs and body cells
cellular respiration: O2 used by cells and production of Co2
Lower Respiratory Structures and Functions
Bronchial tree
consists of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways, leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of lungs= alveoli
primary bronchi: 1st branches of tree- the branch directly off trachea, each leads to a lung
secondary bronchi: branches off main bronchi, each enters a lobe of a lung
tertiary bronchi: branches off lobar bronchi, each enters a segment of a lung
bronchioles: smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
terminal bronchioles: branches off larger bronchioles, smallest bronchioles that conduct air without performing gaas exchange
respiratory bronchioles: branch off terminal brioncholes, contain alveoli that can perform gas exchange
alveolar ducts: branch off respiratory branches
alveolar sacs: branch off alveolar ducts, consist of air sacs-alveoli
alveoli: consist of simple squamous epithelium that conduct rapid gas exchange between air and blood with associated capillaries, closely surrounded by extensive capillary networks
Lungs
occupy most of thoracic cavity
soft, spongy, cone shaped organs of respiratory system, separated by mediastinuman and enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage
primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
Pleura: double layer serous membrane
Right lung: 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior
Left lung: 2 lobes:superior and inferior
each lung has air passageways, alveoli, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and connective tissues
Trachea
windpipe
cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to esophagus and into thoracic cavity
splits into L and R primary bronchi, inner wall lined with ciliated mucous membranes with goblet cells
goblet cells produce mucus to trap incoming particles
cilia sweep mucous toward pharynx where its swallowed
wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings that keep the airway open
Larynx
enlargement in airways, superior to the trachea and inferior to the laryngopharynx
transports air in and out of the trachea and helps keep particles out of the trachea
houses vocal cords
composed of framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
larger cartilage of larynx is the thyroid cartilage (adams apple)
vocal fold of larynx: 2 pairs of vocal folds consisting of muscle and connective tissue and covered with mucous membrane, extend from the walls:
Epiglottis: flaplike and can cover glottis opening, stand vertically and allow air to enter the larynx, in swallowing-false vocal cords and epigotti close of glottis to prevent food from entering
Glottis : true vocal cords and opening between them, air forced through vibrates vocal cord and makes sound
Compare and Contrast Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration/inhalation
air moves from high to low pressure
when pressure in lungs decrease below atmospheric pressure-air flows in from the atmosphere
external intercostals contract to move ribs and sternum upward and outward
muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs to lower to 2mm below atmospheric pressure and causes air to rush into lungs
maximum inspiration: requires contraction of several other muscles to enlarge the thoracic cavity more
as lungs expand, surfactant-lipoprotein mixture keeps alveoli inflated and prevents collapse
Expiration/exhalation
normal expiration results from passive process of elastic recoil of muscles and lung tissue + surface tension within alveoli
as diaphgram recoils, abdominal organs spring back to og shape and pushes the diaphragm upward
as lungs recoil the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
higher surface tension in alveoli , decreases their volume
intra -alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm hg above atmospheric pressure, as a result air rushes out of lung and into the atmosphere
forced expiration: allows for expiration of more air than usual, aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles that compress the rib cage and abdominal wall respectively
atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air on all objects in contact with it, force that moves air into lungs
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
spirometry: study of various air volumes that move into and out of lungs due to different degrees of effort
respiratory cycle: inspiration followed by expiration
4 distinct respiratory volumes: TV, IRV, ERV, and RV
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(3000mL): maximal volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume(1100mL): maximal volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting expiration
Tidal Volume(500mL): volume of air moved in/out of lungs during the respiratory cycle
Residual Volume(4600mL): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration
Respiratory capacities: combination of 2 or more respiratory volumes: IC ,FRC, VC, TLC
Vital Capacity(3500mL): maximal volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible - VC=TV+IRV+ERV
Inspiratory Capacity(3500mL): maximal volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume- IC=TV+IRV
Functional Residual Capacity(2300mL): volume of air that stays in lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume- FRC=ERV+RV
Total Lung Capacity(5800mL): total volume of air that lungs can hold- TLC=VC+RV
anatomical dead space: the volume of air left in the bronchial tree thats not involved in gas exchange
Upper Respiratory Structures and Functions
Nose
nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit of air
supported by bone and cartilage
contain coarse hairs that prevent entry of particles
Pharynx
space behind oral/nasal cavity and larynx
aids in producing sound for speech
common passageway for air and food from nasal and oral cavities
3 subdivisions: nasopharynx,oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Paranasal sinuses
air filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
sinuses open into nasal cavity and reduces the weight of the skull+ serve as resonant chambers for voice
lined with mucous membranes thats continous with that lining the nasal cavity
Nasal Cavity
hollow space posterior to the nose, divided medially by nasal septum thats bone and cartilage
nasal conchae: scroll shaped bones that divided the nasal cavity into passageways and support mucuos membranes+increase surface area to warm, moisturize, filter incoming air
particles trapped in mucus are carried to pharynx by cilia then swallowed and carried to the stomach where gastric juices destroy microorganisms in the mucus
Layers of the pleurae
Pleura: double layered serous membrane
visceral pleura: inner layer, attached to surface of each lung
parietal pleura: outer layer, lines the thoracic cavity
serous fluid: lubricates pleural cavity between layers
Disorders
Pneumonia: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Causes: aspiration, impaired immune system, viral infection Symptoms: chills, fever, shortness of breath Treatment: over the counter medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Tuberculosis: bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes: drug/alcohol abuse, travel where TB is common, weakend immune system Symptoms: fever, fatigue, chest pain, tachycardia Treatment: surgery, medication, long term antibiotics
Lung Cancer: uncontrolled cell growth and developments of tumors in lungs
Causes: smoking, second-hand smoke, air pollution Symptoms: chest pain, weight loss, persistent cough Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, surgical removal
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder: includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma
Causes: asthmatic bronchitis, air pollution, dust exposure Symptoms: chronic cough, wheezing, lung damage Treatment: oxygen therapy, lung reduction, lung transplant
Seasonal Flu: viral infection -many variations of this virus and changes rapidly year to year and changes severity of symptoms
Causes: living conditions, chronic illness, pregnancy Symptoms: headache, fever, chills Treatment: early vaccination, antiviral meds, rest & hydration