DEVIANT - any behaviour which deviates from the normally accepted standards of behaviour (doesn't have to be criminal)

behaviour can be deviant and good: e.g., the suffragettes refusing to eat for political reasons/giving all your money to charity

behaviour can be deviant and bizarre/unusual: e.g., wearing bright clothing when asked specifically to wear black

behaviour which is unusual/bad or disapproved of: e.g. murder → this leads to a hostile/critical response from others (might lead to punishment/criminologists are most interested in this

deviance can be serious or not so serious in a society; murder ←→ queue jumping

FORMAL; defined as legal punishment/imposed by law agencies - breaking written laws

INFORMAL; not written down, perhaps "unspoken", sometimes sanction is something like not speaking to them

WATER RECKLESS

• also says parenting is vital, we all have psychological tendencies which could lead to criminality, effective socialisation provides "internal containment" e.g. builds self control - parental discipline can do this

FEMINISTS

• control theory may explain why there is less female criminality, women spend more time on domestic roles (less time to commit crime), they also learn to be more caring, their leisure time as teenagers tends to be more controlled → stronger bonds of attachment

HIRSCHI

• low self control is a major cause of delinquency which is caused by poor socialisation and inconsistent or absent parental discipline; parenting is vital → it creates the bonds

PAT CARLEN

• most females which are in prison had suffered abuse in the family or were brought up in care, this leads to weaker bonds of attachment