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ANCIENT ASTRONOMY & ASTRONOMY IN ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION (by Zusyahirah…
ANCIENT ASTRONOMY & ASTRONOMY IN ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
(by Zusyahirah binti Mohd Na'aim)
WHAT IS ANCIENT ASTRONOMY?
The study of celestial objects and phenomena that existed in diverse cultures and civilizations prior to the emergence of modern scientific methodologies.
Various ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Chinese, and Indians, had their own astronomical systems based on night sky observations.
BABYLONIANS ASTRONOMY
The first advanced astronomy appeared in ancient Babylonia, in central Mesopotamia.
The Babylonians were among the first astronomers, noting celestial phenomena and devising a method for predicting planetary motions.
The Babylonians were the first civilization known to have a functional theory of the planets
Beginning around 750 BCE, Babylonian astronomers were actively engaged in making detailed and careful observations of astronomical phenomena such as the first and last appearances, stations, and acronychal risings of the five visible planets, the passage of the moon and planets past selected reference stars distributed around the zodiacal band, lunar and solar eclipses, and lunar phases.
INDIA ASTRONOMY**
Ancient Indian astronomers conducted significant observations of celestial objects and devised mathematical models to explain planetary motion.
Aryabhata and Brahmagupta are notable figures in Indian astronomy.
The Aryabhatiya is divided into four sections that include issues such as time units, techniques for establishing planet locations, the origin of day and darkness, and a variety of other cosmological notions.
CHINESE ASTRONOMY
Chinese astronomers made substantial contributions by studying comets, novas, and supernovae.
They created a calendar based on astronomical occurrences.
The ancient Chinese recorded several celestial occurrences, such as solar and lunar eclipses, sunspots, comets, meteors, guest stars (nova or supernova), planetary events, and aurora borealis.
Ancient Chinese astronomers created about 100 astronomical calendars, each with a complex computing mechanism. about 50 of them were officially utilised.
GREEK ASTRONOMY
Greek astronomy is thought to include the Ancient Greek, Hellenistic, Greco-Roman, and late antique eras
The Greeks, particularly Ptolemy and Aristotle, contributed much to theoretical astronomy.
Ptolemy's geocentric hypothesis, which described Earth as the center of the cosmos, was generally believed for centuries
ASTRONOMY IN ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
Astronomy has played a vital role in Islamic civilization.
Astronomers helped build and operate mosques, taught in madrasas, and advised kings.
They have also made contributions to world research by developing planetary models and doing calculations.
They have also contributed to global studies by creating planetary models and doing computations.
Daily prayers have been synchronised with the position of the sun in the sky.
Many believers have looked at the sky or, more recently, connected to a satellite to determine the direction of Mecca.
The moon's visibility has determined the start of months, including Ramadan.
Islamic astronomers : Al-Battani, Al- Zarqali, Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi