Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Control in the USSR - Coggle Diagram
Control in the USSR
Art and culture
Lenin
Proletkult
-
-
It was about showing proletarian culture and as part of it lots of art studios were opened for people to use
-
Agitprop
-
So it was a form of propaganda that was very experimental and tried to get people to support the regime
-
-
-
-
Overall there was some considerable freedom amongst artists however as the communist consildated power art became much more restricted and the communist were ocnerned about wester influence like Jazz
Stalin
Socialist realism
Stalin approved of socialist realism which was supposed to depict real life and partcipate in the building of socialism
-
-
-
-
-
Khrushchev
-
-
He also preferred the use of popular oversight which was encouraged through art and propaganda and people were encouraged to intervene with drunks and others.
Khrushchev was very concerned about style and so there was a campaign against western styles however these were not effective but to do this some women had their heads shaved and sent to the virgin lands scheme
Brezhnev
Was much less interested in the arts than Khrushchev and was very critical of the policy of publishing the works about difficulties about life in the USSR
-
-
-
-
-
-
There was still lots of dissidents artists with varying reactions from the police and there were art shows that weren't disrupted but some were
Propaganda
Lenin
-
-
Glavlit
-
Worked on the principles that the GPU would police every publication of in the USSR, professional censors would be employed and books would be investigated and banned
Stalin
The censorship continued and became even more extreme with history being rewritten to emphasise Stalin's role in the revolution
Censorship also removed the works of Stalin's enemies as well as rewriting Lenin's work to remove any compliments to his enemies.
-
The propaganda empathised Stalin as a great leader and the cause of all success as well as being the perfect leader
The Cult of Stalin
The pupose of the cult was to make Stalin appear like he was the right person to take over from Lenin as well as that he was continuing from Lenin. It was also supposed to make him seem like a good person
Part of the cult was to make it appear like all the successes of the regime were created by Lenin and Stalin with lots of different photos that are edited and also Stalin was implied to be the heir of Lenin
The vozhd and Generalissimo means leader and war leader with leader helping to imply that Stalin has no rival and that he was not bound by law like the president or prime minister. It presented Stalin as a great military leader that saved the nation and was accompanied by a change of depictions like in a white uniform
Khrushchev
-
As part of this people were encouraged to send in letters which were often exposing serious problems like drunkenness as well as the poor quality of consumer goods. However these were not suppressed and published
-
Television was very recent but helped as it showed the different space race things and achievements. It also showed lots of model workers
-
Brezhnev
For television and cinema there was still lots of films about the success of the USSR but also focused on the lives of citizen with goof clothes adn nice apartments to fuel consumerism
He also tried to use television to his advantage by broadcasting his speeches but this backfired when he began to decline as it was clear what was happening
-
The Cult of Brezhnev
His cult of personality was about him being a war hero, continuing the work of Lenin adn ensuring world peace
However this would go very poorly as he was mocked for his claims and many people were aware of the hypicsy of what he was saying
Religion
Lenin
Believed like Marx that religion was the opium of the masses and so believed that the revolution would liberate the people
-
-
-
Islam
-
Initially the decree of separation used to seize properties of waqfs - islamic foundations and charities but was quickly reversed
-
-
Stalin
-
Russian Orthodox Church
-
During the second world war Stalin made a deal with the Church to appeal to the patriotism of the people
-
-
-
Khrushchev
Approach was much more hardline than Stalin and believed that his mission was revive the anti-religious campaign 1920s
-
-
-
-
Campaigns targeted women in particular as figures showed more of the women went to church. Also encouragement fro men to become leading educators in household
Aspects succeeded but women organised their own campaigns to protest and so led to a greater dissident movement
Brezhnev
-
Islam
-
He began supporting Islam and anti-American Islamic groups and allowed Muslims limited contact with the fellow Muslims in other countries
Policies did not lead to a decrease in people professing faith and no more churches or mosques were closed
The Secret Police
Lenin
The Cheka
-
The Cheka's main role was during the civil war to attack the political opponents of Lenin as well as anyone who was opposed to the government
-
-
-
Stalin
This terror was extremely beneficial as it left him with no opponents and no one who had known lenin and so Stalin could argue complete control
The NKVD
Stalin justified his terror through the doctrine of sharpening of the class struggle where capitalist fought harder to overturn socialism as it succeeded
Yezhov
There was also local show trials held by citizens and out on trial and only the would they be handed over to the NKVD
-
-
Yagoda
The first chief of the NKVD and was a disappointment to Stalin as he did not go to the same levels of terror that Stalin was looking for
-
Beria
He was mainly responsible for the persecution of the ethnic minority that Stalin feared would oppose him
The Chechens and the Kalmyks were both deported en mass with many being sent to Siberia. 170,000 Chechens died and only 53,000 of the 130,000 Kalmyks survived
After the war
The NKVD interrogated the 1.5 million Soviet Prisoners of war as Stalin saw them as traitors as they allowed themselves to be captured rather than die.
The Leningrad affair in 1949 where the Leningrad part of the party was purged as Stalin believed that they were working to independently.
The Doctors plot was were Stalin's medical staff were purged with the mostly likely reason being anit-semitisim
Krushchev and Brezhnev
-
KGB
-
In 1968 Andropov issued KGB order No 0051 which was about increasing suivallence and action against dissidents
Critically the dissidents had to be removed much more quielty as there was an outcry from other nations about freedom
For well known artists and dissidents were allowed to emigrate and this policy was extended and also Andropov allowed many Jewish people to leave the USSR as he argued that they made up a greater proportaion of Artisits and intellectuals
For lesser known dissidents were sent physciatic intuitions as this was less likely to attract the attention and also it was much harder to track those sent there. Also people could be kept indefinitely and medicated to keep them quiet
-
The KGB would then be used as a police force and would hunt down people who were drunk and corrupt as part of Andropov's different corruption and Operation Trawl
Khrushchev
-
He did however put people in the mental institutions as a way of keeping them quiet but not on nearly the same scale as Brezhnev
-