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Control in the USSR - Coggle Diagram

- - - - This was an art movement that took off after the revolution
      - It supported by Lunarcharsky who was the Commissar for Enlightment
      - It was about showing proletarian culture and as part of it lots of art studios were opened for people to use
      - Lenin disapproved however as he believed that art was universal and people should learn from it
      - Largely abandoned in late 1922 as Lenin feared the power o he middle class intelligentsia
    - - Lenin believed that Art could be used to get support of the people
      - So it was a form of propaganda that was very experimental and tried to get people to support the regime
      - There were lots of posters that were in support of people like beat the white with the Red wedge
      - Many of the artisits were collabarting with the government
      - The style was very avant-garde
    - - There was some experimental cinema which was very important
      - Films like strike were all in supoort of the communist regime.
      - Proletkino
        
        Allowed a brief period of free creativity
        
        October and Battleship Potemkin both shoed the strength of the revolution and the resilience of the people
  - - - Stalin approved of socialist realism which was supposed to depict real life and partcipate in the building of socialism
      - Often showed factories and workers
      - Literature also reflected with stories that were about building socialism
      - Artisits were also given production quota
      - Stalin wanted art and music to be relatable for working people
      - Music was also much more traditional with it being rousing and patriotic
      - The art built the impression that life was good and food and materials were plentiful
    - - Art reflected the socialist offensives of the Five year plans
      - Class warfare
        
        Became a theme
        
        art was attacked based on the class of the artist
      - Komsomol
        
        Used to atack elements of bourgeois culture and class enemies
      - Stalin proclaimed an end in 1931
  - - - The thaws
        
        There were three thaws
        
        1953-53 where several books were allowed to be published that were critical of stalins government
        
        1956-57 after the secret speech there was more cultural liberation
        
        1961-62 more books that were critical of the stalin's rule were published as well as
        
        The thaws were also were about culture like jazz music and classical music
      - However there were some freezes when Khrushchev believed that culture was getting to liberal and when he disliked the art or books.
  - - - Soviet Ballet became a major triumph with the Ballet companies in high demand across the world
      - Some exceptional ballets were created
    - - obedient functionaries
        
        Willing to work within the system
      - Loyal oppositionists
        
        Intellectuals and artists who were critical of the system but within official channels trying to improve the system from within
      - Dissidents
        
        People who expressed their criticism publicly
    - - This was a show trial for the two authors who had freedom under Khrushchev
      - Both were sent to labour camps and signalled that the times of thaws were over
    - - International pressure did mean that more famous artists and authors were allowed to emigrate
      - However less known were sent to psychiatric institutions
      - Estimated by early 1970s 7000 to 8000 dissidents had received this treatment
    - - After there was an attempt in Czechoslovakia to liberalise communist rule with greater artistic freedom that led to popular pressure to end communist rule and break from USSR. Brezehnev sent the army
      - This led to him believing cultural liberalisation was a danger and so there was increased pressure fro atrists to conform
      - The art also turned far more nostalgic as well
- - - - Decree of Press 1917
        
        The decree of press allows the governement to shut any newspapers
      - Only the state was allowed to publish adverts.
      - The All-Russia Telegraph Agency was solely responsible for distributing news
      - A Revolutionary Tribunal of the Press 1918 was set up to censor the press and punish anyone who disobeyed
      - By 1921 the communists had closed 2000 newspapers and 575 printing press and so there were far fewer newspapers and Pravada got much wider circulation
    - - The Cult of Lenin
        
        After a failed assassination attempt Lenin would be presented as almost a religious figure.
        
        Lenin disapproved about recognised the benefits and so let it continue
        
        Lenin was presented as a humane and down to earth person
        
        Initially pictures of Lenin used by the government were used to justify the
    - - Glavlit was the censorship organisation set up to censor and oversee all media and press
      - Worked on the principles that the GPU would police every publication of in the USSR, professional censors would be employed and books would be investigated and banned
  - - - The pupose of the cult was to make Stalin appear like he was the right person to take over from Lenin as well as that he was continuing from Lenin. It was also supposed to make him seem like a good person
      - Part of the cult was to make it appear like all the successes of the regime were created by Lenin and Stalin with lots of different photos that are edited and also Stalin was implied to be the heir of Lenin
      - The vozhd and Generalissimo means leader and war leader with leader helping to imply that Stalin has no rival and that he was not bound by law like the president or prime minister. It presented Stalin as a great military leader that saved the nation and was accompanied by a change of depictions like in a white uniform
    - - Zhdanov's policies that promoted the superiority of USSR culture over the west
      - Accompanied crackdown on all western influences with museums with western art being closed
  - - - The Cult of Lenin
        
        This was designed to move away from Stalinism
        
        Lenin portrayed as fun, approachable, humane
      - The Cult of Khrushchev
        
        This was about him being a disciple of Lenin and that man was responsible for the recent success in the Soviet Union
        
        Linking himself to the these policies would backfire as when the policies began to fail it mayorly destroyed confidence in him
        
        Allowed to seem more approachable and important than malenkov
  - - - His cult of personality was about him being a war hero, continuing the work of Lenin adn ensuring world peace
      - However this would go very poorly as he was mocked for his claims and many people were aware of the hypicsy of what he was saying
- - - - Lenin was hostile to the church as he saw it as an essential ally of the Tsars to control people
      - The Terror campaign against the church
        
        In the early reign of Lenin he used terror against the church
        
        Significant examples
        
        Nov 1917 Archpriest Ivan Kochurov was murdered outside Petrograd
        
        Jan 1918 Metropolitan Vladimir was tortured and shot in Kiev
        
        Orthodox priests in Moscow massacred after Church decree excommunicated Bolsheviks
        
        Got more extreme after 1918 Secret Politburo order that sanction mass execution of priests
        
        Within two years most of the most popular Orthodox priests had been killed
        
        Propaganda and seizer of property was used to undermine the church
        
        A particular example of this was during the famine of 1921 where the Soviet Authorities seized assets to fund relief and blamed priests who resisted for sabotaging relief effort
      - After the civil war the terror was stopped but the regime continued try and undermine church
        
        The Living Church
        
        It claimed to be a reformed version of the Orthodox chruch where the people had the power
        
        Aided by the GPU it organised a national congress and deposed Patriarch Tikhon and introduced a new decentralised structure
        
        Part of a government strategy to split the church. remove leader and weaken structure
        
        The policy of splitting the church by backing the living church was successful but did not diminish Church growth nor faith in saints and miracles
    - - religion sometimes stood for values that opposed communist ideologies
      - Religious groups were organisations that were independent of the communists states and so could orgnaise resistance
    - - Decree on Land
        
        Allowed peasants to take land belonging to the church
      - Decree concerning separation church and of School and church
        
        Church lost privileged place in society
        
        Church land and property was nationalised
        
        Religious studies in school was banned
      - 1922 Soviet Constitution guaranteed freedom of conscience for everyone
      - Courts did not have the power to enforce these laws
    - - Policy was contradictory
      - Initially the decree of separation used to seize properties of waqfs - islamic foundations and charities but was quickly reversed
      - They continued to fund schools and communist leaders encouraged local muslims to join the party
      - During the 20s
        
        Campaigns against Islam for two reasons.
        
        Communists claimed that Islam encouraged crimes based on customs especially against women's rights
        
        Recognised that Islamic organisations had the loyalty of many people in central Asia and so wanted to destroy them to extend their own power
        
        They began
        
        Closing Mosques
        
        Discouraging pilgramges
        
        Attacking Islamic Shrines
        
        opened anti-Islamic museums in the midst of recognised holy places
        
        Started campaigns against women wearing the chador which was traditional dress
  - - - During Collectivisation many were closed because they were aiding resistance to his policies
      - During the second world war Stalin made a deal with the Church to appeal to the patriotism of the people
        
        Reasons
        
        The Church was linked to the national identity
        
        The Church provided comfort for grieving families
        
        Soldiers found comfort in the thought of God and heaven
        
        In exchange
        
        anti-religious propaganda would stop
        
        Metropolitan Sergey given an official residence in Moscow
        
        End to censorship of religious magazines following the war
        
        Churches would be reopened
        
        Church leader given official position.
    - - Priests and intellectuals were attacked by NKVD
      - Attacked groups that were se up to defend Islam from the Soviet attacks.
      - By 1936 Sufi groups had been destroyed even in former Islamic strongholds in Turkestan
      - However Islam did survive
  - - - Churches that were reopened were shut again
      - Convents put under surveillance
    - - Yuri Gagarin commented that when he was in the heavens he did not see a God
      - Valentina Tereshkova was the first women in space and said her trip into space had been victory of atheism over the mysterious heavens
  - - - As he was looking for allies in the middle east he changed policy on Islam
      - He began supporting Islam and anti-American Islamic groups and allowed Muslims limited contact with the fellow Muslims in other countries
      - Policies did not lead to a decrease in people professing faith and no more churches or mosques were closed
- - - - 1917-1922
      - The Cheka's main role was during the civil war to attack the political opponents of Lenin as well as anyone who was opposed to the government
      - The Cheka perpetrated the Red Terror as a method of control during the Civil war
        
        Closed down opposiution newspapers
        
        Tortured and killed socialist opponents
        
        Used extreme violence against eniemies like priest being crucified and the ice statues
        
        Attacked members of the white army and tortured them
        
        Stopped private trading
        
        Ran concentration camps with the enemies of the communists
        
        Requisitioned food from the peasants to feed the cities
        
        often lead to rebellions fromm the peasants
        
        Suggested 300,000 were killed by the Cheka
      - Crucially terror is used against the people but not the party
      - Often dispensed justice arbitrarily
    - - 1917-1934
      - The red Terror was ended and the role was changed
        
        They still killed the enemies of the state however they were much more about surveillance.
        
        They monitored people
        
        They watched the press
        
        tsarist officers
        
        Monitored anyone who they were concerned about such as students and intellectuals as they feared they would not support the regime.
        
        They also began show trials against the socialist enemies of the Bolsheviks
        
        they also policed the NEP while they arrested Nepmen as well as harassing women in western styles and young people who danced to jazz
  - - - Stalin justified his terror through the doctrine of sharpening of the class struggle where capitalist fought harder to overturn socialism as it succeeded
      - Yezhov
        
        There was also local show trials held by citizens and out on trial and only the would they be handed over to the NKVD
        
        This period became known as the Yezhovschchina
        
        The main social group target was the urban educated men who held senior roles in the government as Stalin saw them as the main group that would oppose
        
        Between 1937-1938 1.5 million men were arrested and deported and executed. The whole of the USSR was engulfed nin terror with mass arrests
        
        Established quotas for arrests and developed conveyer belt system to increase the number of people being dealt with
        
        Increased suivallence with the informers
        
        He was the one responsible for creating the Great terror through revolutionising the NKVD
        
        Believed in the intensification of class struggle
        
        The Purges
        
        Purge of the Party 1936-38
        
        Purge of the left
        
        Kamenev and Kirov put on trial and admitted to being counter revolutionaries
        
        Purge of the Right
        
        Bukharin removed in the show trials after being accused by others that had been caught
        
        Purge of the people
        
        Used to bring the economic regions under the authority control and forcing the people to be obedient
        
        Purge in Sverdlovsk
        
        Corruption from the regional party by hiding the economic information and failing led to a purge
        
        Purge of the Red Army 1937
        
        An attempt to curb the independence of the army
        
        1 war commissars removed ; 3 of 5 Marshals of the Soviet Union dismissed 75 of 80-man Supreme Military Council were executed ; Half of the commissioned officer corps –35,000 in total were imprisoned or shot ; Soviet Navy and Airforce suffered similar fates, all admirals commanding fleets and replacements removed.
      - Yagoda
        
        The first chief of the NKVD and was a disappointment to Stalin as he did not go to the same levels of terror that Stalin was looking for
        
        Expanded the Gulag system for the expansion of industrialisation and built the White Sea Canal (which was too shallow)
        
        Removed for failing to safeguard Kirov
      - 1934-1941
      - Beria
        
        He was mainly responsible for the persecution of the ethnic minority that Stalin feared would oppose him
        
        The Chechens and the Kalmyks were both deported en mass with many being sent to Siberia. 170,000 Chechens died and only 53,000 of the 130,000 Kalmyks survived
        
        After the war
        
        The NKVD interrogated the 1.5 million Soviet Prisoners of war as Stalin saw them as traitors as they allowed themselves to be captured rather than die.
        
        The Leningrad affair in 1949 where the Leningrad part of the party was purged as Stalin believed that they were working to independently.
        
        The Doctors plot was were Stalin's medical staff were purged with the mostly likely reason being anit-semitisim
        
        Gulags
        
        Increased the productivity of the gulags
        
        improved rations
        
        Grew from 2.5 billion to 4.5 billion rubles
  - - - The main role of the KGB was not terror but to remove dissidents.
      - In 1968 Andropov issued KGB order No 0051 which was about increasing suivallence and action against dissidents
        
        Critically the dissidents had to be removed much more quielty as there was an outcry from other nations about freedom
        
        For well known artists and dissidents were allowed to emigrate and this policy was extended and also Andropov allowed many Jewish people to leave the USSR as he argued that they made up a greater proportaion of Artisits and intellectuals
        
        For lesser known dissidents were sent physciatic intuitions as this was less likely to attract the attention and also it was much harder to track those sent there. Also people could be kept indefinitely and medicated to keep them quiet
        
        Repression was the main aim of the KGB and so warning were issued to those of dissident behaviour
        
        The KGB would then be used as a police force and would hunt down people who were drunk and corrupt as part of Andropov's different corruption and Operation Trawl
    - - He preferred the method of popular oversight where the people would keep each other in line
        
        Based on the moral code of the builder of communism 1961
        
        Druzhiny patrolled the streets to arrest the disturbers of the peace
      - He did however put people in the mental institutions as a way of keeping them quiet but not on nearly the same scale as Brezhnev
      - Khrushchev ended the mass terror that Stalin has used with his secret speech in 1956
      - Sent troops to crush hungary in 1956
      - Anti-Party group in 1957
        
        The failed coup resulted in the officials being forced to resign and take on minor posts in the bureaucracy
        
        Not killed or destroyed