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Respiratory System Leslie Vargas-Gonzalez | Period 5, image, Screenshot…

- - - - air branching undergo 23 orders of branching
        Right & Left Main (Primary) Bronchi
        
        right main is wider, shorter, more vertical than left
        
        each main enters hilum of one lung
        Lobar (Secondary) Bronchi
        
        three on right & two on left
        
        each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe
        Segmental (Tertiary) bronchi
        
        divide repeatedly
    - - begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles which lead into alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs
- - - - External Nose
        
        root (area between eyebrows); bridge, dorsum nasi (anterior margin), and apex (tip of nose)
        – Nostrils (nares): bounded laterally by alae
      - Nasal Cavity
        
        Nasal Conchae
        
        mucosa-covered projections that protrude medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
        
        shape of conchae help to:
        
        increase mucosal area
        
        enhance air turbance
        
        functions of conchae:
        
        filter, heart, and mositen air
        
        found within and posterior to external nose
        
        divided by midline nasal septum
        
        Nasal vestibule: nasal cavity superior to nostrils
        
        lined with vibrissae (hairs) that filter coarse particles from inspired air
        
        rest of nasal cavity is lined with psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
        
        cilitated cells sweep contaminated mucus posteriorly towards heart
    - - form ring around nasal cavities - located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
        Functions:
        
        lighten skull
        
        secrete mucus
        
        help to warm and mositen air
  - - - Oropharynx
        
        passageqay for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
        
        palatine tonsils located in lateral wall of fauces
        
        lingual tonsil located on posterior surface of tongue
      - Laryngopharynx
        
        passageway for food and air
        
        posterior to upright epiglottis
        
        extends to larynx → continuous with esophagus
      - Nasopharynx
        
        air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
        
        soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
        
        pharyngeal tonsils located on posterior wall
- - - - as inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases and lungs recoil
        
        volume decreases causes intrapulmonary pressure to increase
        
        Ppul > Patm so air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until they are equal
        
        Forced expiration is an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal and intercostal muscles
  - - - As inspiratory muscles contract, thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs are stretched as they are pulled out of thoracic cage
        
        volume increases causes intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) to decrease
        
        because of difference between atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressure, air flows into lungs , down its pressure gradient, until Ppul and Patm are equal
        
        Forced inspiration can occur during vigorous excerise or in people with COPD
- - - - Boyle's Law: relationship between pressure and volume of a gas | P1V1 = P2V2
        
        gases always fill the container they are in
        
        if amount of gas is the same and container size is reduced, pressure will increase
- - - - Causes: asthmatic bronchitis/tobacco smoke/dust exposure
        Symptoms: chronic cough/shortness of breath/wheezing
  - - - Causes: contagious/weakenedd immune system/care with TB patients
        Symptoms: latent TB/cough with thick mucus/weight loss
  - - - Causes: bacterial infection/viral infection/aspiration
        Symptoms: fever/shortness of breath/chills
  - - - Causes: smoking/second-hand smoke/asbestos exposure
        Symptoms: chest pain/shortness of breath/blood in sputum
  - - - Causes: inhaled in respiratory droplets/age/occupation
        Symptoms: dry cough/fatigue/congestion/headache