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the endocrine system - Coggle Diagram
the endocrine system
thyroid glands
either side of trachea
largest of endocrine glands
produce: thyroxin and calcitonin
main role in metabolic processes
essential for normal growth
over production - hyperthyroidism
hyper - common in cats - old cats especially
hypothyroidism - under production common in dogs in young it causes dwarfism
Pancreas: endocrine and exocrine
exocrine - involved in digestion and secretes digestive enzymes
endocrine secretes hormones form the islets of langerhans
islets of langerhans produce: insulin/glucagon/somatostatin
insulin
produced by beta cells
reduces blood glucose levels
response to high glucose levels - hyperglycaemia
Glucagon
produced by alpha cells
increases blood glucose levels
in response to low blood glucose levels
glucagon collets glycogen stored in liver and converts it back to glucose
somatostatin
produced by delta cells
acts as balance between insulin and gylcagons
Adrenal cortex
outer layer of adrenal gland
produce hormones: corticosteroids
glucocorticoids
present in blood stream - secretes in large quantities in response to stress
suppress inflammatory response - heal slowly
stimulates appetite
mineral corticoids
most important hormone in the group aldosterone
maintains correct mineral levels
aldosterone - acts on nephrons in the kidney that regulate balance
adrenal sex steriods
produced by both sexes
little significance majority of sex hormones are secreted from elsewhere in the body
adrenal medulla - produces adrenaline and noradrenaline
hormones prepare for fight/flight/fright
increase respiratory and heart rate
dilate blood vessels
convert glycagen in the liver into glucose
Pituitary glands
coordinates actions of many other endocrine glands
ventricle surface of the brain connected via a short stork
anterior and posterior
anterior
thyroid stimulating hormone - produce thyroxine
somatotrophin - growth hormone, stimulates growth and repair of tissues
prolactin - stimulates milk production and mammary development
follicle stimulating hormone - causes egg and sperm to grow and mature
luteinising hormone - stimulates ovulation
interstitial cell stimulating hormone - same as luteinising hormone but in men
posterior
antidiurectic hormone - controls reabsorption of water in renal nephrons
oxytocin - during pregnancy and parturition at the end of gestation causes contractions
function - produce hormones that assist to regulate body
all glands are ductless
surrounded by red blood cells
hormones are secreted straight into the blood
the endocrine system consists of: 2 thyroid glands/ 2 parathyroid glands/the pancreas/2 adrenal glands/anterior and posterior pituitary glands/the ovaries and testicles
Parathyroid gland
either side of thyroid
produces: parathormone
regulates metabolism and distribution of calcium
increases calcium in bloodstream by increasing uptake from bones
testosterone
secreted from leydig cells
development and maintenance of male characteristics
progesterone
from corpus luteum essential for maintenance of pregnancy
thyrocalcitonin - lowers calcium level in blood by decreasing calcium uptake from the bones