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thinking spatially - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Empiricism asserts knowledge comes from experience, emphasizing rigorous testing. Also, 'naive empiricism' values factual data; vital in projects like national census for informed decisions.
        
        knowlage is gained trough experience, a lot of testing
        
        knowlage is gained trough factual data
      - people want to study theyre own inerest
      - theory: an explanation for particular events or
        patterns that have been noticed
        grand theories: do not contain many clues as to how researchers might use them to guide the collection of eperical evidendence (merton)
        middle-range theories: more likely to be the focus of emperial enquiry
        
        deductive theory starts with a general idea, moving to specific predictions. (theory --> observations / findings)
        
        inductive theory begins with observations, inferring general principles. (observation/findings --> theory)
        
        abductive reasoning involves inferring the most plausible explanation for observed phenomena, considering available evidence, without guaranteeing absolute certainty.
      - functionalism: views society as a system with interrelated parts working together for stability.
        symbolic interactionalism: views society as a system with interrelated parts working together for stability.
    - - research stragedys
        
        design outlines the structure and plan for a study, specifying methods, procedures, and tools to collect and analyze data.
        
        method a systematic approach or technique used to gather and analyze data in a study, guiding the research process.
        
        variable an atribute on which cases vary
      - quantitative research
      - qualitative research
      - quality criteria in social research
        
        reliability
        replication
        validity
        
        relationship between QC and RS
        (zie de literatuur p 179)
    - - descriptie studies
        detect and shed light on actual conditions in society
      - explinatory studies
        include systematic analyses intended to develop or test different possibilities for explaining the social conditions being studied.
      - interpetive stidies
        are based mainly on qualitative data.
      - ednogrphic descriptions
        are based on qualitative analyses
        
        thin descriptions:
        minimalistic overview
        
        thick desctiptions
        more detaill and nuanced
      - experimental studies
        constitute another design for testing causal hypotheses
      - phenomenological studies
        looks at the way actors perceive studies
- - - - liniar succesion of stages p.150
        
        in qualitative research there is no hypnotises but the theory is used more loosely