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Leadership - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Daniel Goleman's emotional intelligence theory has been refined and outlined into four components of EI (Goleman, 2002):
        
        Self-awareness
        
        The ability to read and understand your
        emotions as well as recognize their impact on others (Goleman, 2002).
        
        Being aware of both our mood and our thoughts
        about mood (Mayer, 1997).
        
        Individual's ability to appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of one's own character (Seligman, 2011).
        
        The bedrock of emotional intelligence that enables you to see your talents, shortcomings, and potential (David at al., 2018).
        
        He emphasizes self-awareness is the foundation of emotional intelligence which involves recognizing and understanding one's emotions, strengths, weaknesses, and values. Individuals with high self-awareness are better equipped to manage their emotions and behavior. (Goleman (1995, p. 63)
        
        Self-management
        
        The ability to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors effectively which encompasses skills such as self-control, adaptability, achievement orientation, initiative, and optimism. In addition, this involves being able to handle stress, control impulses, and stay focused even in challenging situations.
        (Goleman,1995, p. 330)
        
        Self-management is about proactively managing one's life, behaviors, and emotions to achieve personal and professional success while maintaining mental and physical well-being. (Sajeevanie, 2020)
        
        Self-management contributes to the improvement of bad habits into better emotional state and good conducts (Chudari, 2017).
        
        The connection between self-management and emotional intelligence (EQ) is significant in understanding how well people manage themselves (which includes their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors) is the key to knowing emotional intelligence (EQ) and how they respond in different situations (Yusof and Zaini, 2020).
        
        Social awareness
        
        Social awareness is an indicator of self-awareness and refers to the ability of individuals to recognize their own personality, abilities, and desires through understanding and perceiving events. (D’Amore, 2008)
        
        In SAUSD, social awareness is primarily defined as the ability to understand social norms for behavior (West, 2016).
        
        A critical examination of the ways that one’s identity—including the professional self—is influenced by dominant ideologies (Bransford, 2011)
        
        Self-awareness was critical to empathy, congruence, and understanding the client perspective and experience. Rogers (1957)
        
        The ability to take the perspective of and empathize with others, including those from diverse backgrounds and cultures. Also it is the ability to understand social and ethical norms for behavior and to recognize family, school, and community resources and support. (Department of Education.,n.d)
        
        Ability to understand social cues that may affect others around us (Radtke, 2022).
        
        Relationship Management
        
        Refers to our ability to communicate clearly, maintain good relationships with others, connect with those from other cultures, work well in teams, and manage conflict (Radtke, 2022).
        
        Influence: persuading others (Goleman, 2006).
        
        Inspirational leadership: providing a vision that motivates others (Goleman, 2006).
        
        Developing others: providing feedback and building skills and knowledge (Goleman, 2006).
        
        Healthy relationships, defined by mutual trust and respect, were also found to enhance the development of Early Career Researchers (ECRs), improving their self-confidence, self-esteem, and research capabilities (Mahtani, 2023).
        
        Another key benefit to relationship management is the way it can reduce risks. [...] This gives them the option to look for new suppliers or find ways to improve their existing relationships (Kenton, 2023).
      - History
        
        First to develop the concept
        
        The groundwork for EI was laid in 1990 by psychologists Peter Salovey and John Mayer, who defined it as the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions (Mayer & Salovey, 1990).
        
        Proposing his own model
        
        In 1995, Goleman published his groundbreaking book, "Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ." The book brought EI to the mainstream, arguing that emotional skills were crucial for personal and professional success, often exceeding the importance of traditional IQ (Goleman, 1995).
        
        Refining framework
        
        Goleman continued to refine his model over the years, eventually streamlining it into four domains: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management (Goleman, 2002).
      - Definition
        
        Dr. Goleman described emotional intelligence (EI) as a person's ability to manage their feelings so that those feelings are expressed appropriately and effectively. (Goleman, 1995).
    - - Emotional intelligence (EQ) is at the heart of effective leadership (Bradberry & Greaves, 2006).
      - Leaders with high EQ create an environment of trust, cooperation, and innovation (Bradberry & Greaves, 2006).
      - High emotional intelligence allows one to make more informed decisions and to solve problems more easily (Fannon, 2018).
- - - - Effective leaders must lead their ‘troops’ in a way that inspires them to perform their tasks effectively and participate in day-to-day decisions that affect their organizations (Cavaness et al. 2020; Palmer et al. 2001; Horth & Vehar, 2014).
      - How does emotional intelligence impact leadership effectiveness?
        
        Managers who show more empathy toward direct reports are viewed by their bosses as better performers in their jobs (Thompskins, 2023).
        
        Employees with leaders exhibiting high emotional intelligence reported higher job satisfaction and performance compared to those without (Wan et al., 2022).
      - Why is it important?
        
        Employees are the most important assets and driving force in deciding an organization's performance in a difficult climate, and their devotion is critical to any organization's success. (Buñao and Dura, 2023)
      - Emotionally intelligent leaders not only control
        their own emotions but also teach others to do the same, encouraging them to be creative and work independently (Hoffmann et al., 2020; Nadler et al., 2020; Papoutsi et al., 2019).
      - Leaders who are self-aware and socially aware use their emotional intelligence to build relationships, manage stress, and stay grounded when they encounter problems at wor (Mateia, 2019).
      - Effective leaders develop trusting relationships that cultivate a positive environment for everyone, giving them a sense of emotional safety, facilitating growth, and, ultimately, enabling achievement of common goals (Lumpkin & Achen, 2018; McCauley & Palus, 2020).
  - - - Effectiveness
        
        Implication
        
        Quick response to petition is one of the basis of China for effective leadership
        (Dimitrov, M. K.,2014)
        
        Criteria to define the effectiveness of leadership in National Leaders
        
        Petition has three significance for the Chinese Government. (Dimitrov, M. K.,2014)
        
        Petition is the weighting scale of the Chinese government in order to know the trust of the citizens. Whereas, the decline of petitions over the past decade is a cause for concern primarily because it signals a rapid erosion of trust in the regime.
        
        Petitions reveal the problem in policy implementation and identifying corrupt officials.
        
        Petition is there primary channel to collects information that can be used to develop internal assessments of the quality of governance
        
        The paper compares the three types of leaders: Military Leaders, Academics and Politicians. Based on the findings Politicians who have more experience in politics or who have ruled in lower branches before are the ones who have the better quality of governance. The paper also highlights that the politicians educational background doesn’t contribute to the quality of the governance they will employ. This weakens the support for the idea that more educated leaders are more desirable. However it is their experience the main contributor to know the quality of governance they hold. (Peveri, J.,2022)
      - Perception
        
        The perceptions of the society toward women and their capacities have slightly changed, although the number of women in the public sector has considerably increased during the last 20 years. In fact, the female managers who succeeded to break the glass ceiling and occupy important leadership positions are supported by men or by the political parties to which they belong
        (Harb, B., Hachem, B., & Hamdan, H., 2020)
    - - Perception
        
        Leader-member exchange acts as a mediator that influences the impact of leadership styles on organizational commitment. The study also highlights the importance of considering the role of female public managers in understanding leadership experiences and organizational commitment in the public sector.(Harb, B., Hachem, B., & Hamdan, H., 2020)
        
        The different avenues given to the youth in the decision-making process of the government develops the youth themselves, leading to empowerment, competence, and connection (Collins, Augsberger & Gecker, 2016)
        
        Sangguniang Kabataan
        
        Concept
        
        The Sangguniang Kabataan provides opportunities for youth participation in formal politics; however, it has been criticized for several issues including corruption and inefficiency (Bautista, 2020).
        
        Issues surrounding the Sangguniang Kabataan
        
        3 more items...
        
        The study highlights that citizens are not fully satisfied with the services, programs, and infrastructure provided by local governments. (Manaf, H. A., Mohamed, A. M., & Harvey, W. S., 2022
        
        While the Sangguniang Kabataan is part of the local government, limited research on the skills of these young leaders is yet to be explored, leaving a critical gap in understanding how emotional intelligence impacts them in this specific context. Agency heads pointed out that the SKNF officials are too young and are ill-equipped to carry out their duties (Delos Reyes & Lopez, 2014).
      - Effectiveness
        
        Criteria to define the effectiveness of leadership in Local Community Leaders
        
        The Good Governance Paradigms, address the issue of the reduction of poverty (Grindle 2007) because this strengthens the emphasis on the sort of leadership that could respond to the changing anticipations of political and community stakeholders (Mellors 1996 and Barrett 1997 cited in Dunoon, 2002: 3).
        
        In defining the effective leader, The Transformational/Transactional Model by Burns 1978 signifies how can a leader initiate, expand, and carry out important transitions in the organization. (Puatu, n.d)
        
        Transactional
        
        Visionary and Respect: It inspires and guides others with a clear vision and mission, earning trust and admiration. (Idealized Influence)
        
        A study showed that SK has moderately implemented its projects. This finding is attributed to the lack of much-needed support from the barangay officials, particularly in terms of budget allocation (Concepcion & Tancinco, 2016)
        
        This gave rise to critics, doubts, and questions on the effectivity of the Sangguniang Kabataan due to its uselessness as getting the youth involved in community development, corrupt practices of inefficient, ineffective, and non-performing SK officials, becoming a breeding ground for future corrupt officials, and lack of legality of those in the position (National Youth Commission, 2017).
        
        It is recommended for future research to utilize qualitative research methods or a combination of both in the inquiry of how cognitive concepts such as motivations affect the degree of political participation among the youth (Palomares et al., 2021).
        
        The Commission on Audit has questioned the “validity and propriety” of the training and travel expenses of the National Youth Commission (NYC) in 2022 (Gonzales, 2023)
        
        Transformational
        
        Rewards for Performance: This sets clear expectations and offers rewards in exchange for achieving them, fostering a results-oriented mindset. (Contingent Reward)
        
        Active or Passive Oversight: This keeps a watchful eye on the team, offering praise or corrective action depending on performance, either actively monitoring or waiting for problems to arise. (Management-by-Exception)
        
        Government performance was measured through indicators such as revenue realization, budget absorption, and the achievement of key performance targets. Continuous improvement and strategic planning were identified as crucial for enhancing government performance and addressing areas of underperformance.
        (Musnadi, M. S., & Kesuma, T. M., 2023)
        
        Implications
        
        This indicated that the role of transformational leadership in creating good governance in the sub-district government was categorized as useful. Specific findings included the leadership's ability to provide direction to subordinates for work, building apparatus cooperation, providing training for apparatus, division of responsibility tailored to education, and leadership in supervising the apparatus at work. (Dema, Rusdi, Yasin, Hamid, & Abriyanti, 2021).
        
        This transformed governance from a top-down approach to a collaborative effort. Citizens actively participate in decision-making, feeling empowered and invested in the city's future. This inclusive approach fostered through open communication and programs like PIP and the People's Council, ensures sustainable development driven by shared goals and trust, not reliant on any single leader. (Puatu, n.d)
    - - The study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and leadership effectiveness. Specifically, it explored whether different dimensions of EI (self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management) could predict a leader's effectiveness as perceived by others. However, the study's findings challenged the expected connection: self-reported EI (from leaders themselves) did not significantly predict how effective they were perceived to be by employees and senior managers. (Narong, 2015)
        
        Change Leadership: The Role of
        Emotional Intelligence
        
        The challenge faced by leaders in effectively managing emotions during times of organizational change.
        
        This highlights the importance of emotional intelligence in leadership and how it can help leaders navigate through resistance, fear, and uncertainty that often accompany change initiatives.
        
        Additionally, the research focuses on the impact of emotional intelligence on organizational effectiveness and the role it plays in building trust, collaboration, and credibility among followers during periods of change. (Issah, 2018).
      - The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Improving Team-working: The Case of Public Sector (National Centre for Public Administration and Local Government - N.C.P.A.L.G.)
        
        The research problem addressed in this study related to emotional intelligence (EI) in the government context is the need to understand the impact of emotional intelligence on improving teamwork within the Public Sector.
        
        Specifically, the study aims to investigate how emotional intelligence influences the efficiency and effectiveness of team dynamics in government organizations, with a focus on the National Centre for Public Administration and Local Government (N.C.P.A.L.G.) as a case study. (Arfara and Samanta, 2016)
    - - It is stated that government officials with high EI can navigate conflicts and disagreements more constructively. They can manage emotions during challenging situations and find solutions that satisfy all parties involved (Issah, 2018).
        :
  - - - What determines an effective student leader?
        
        One who has extroverted personality may be a better fit as a leader (Gonzalez, 2014).
        
        Peer influence present itself as an area reported to be a strong component of impacting one's desire to participate in a registered student organization and/or lead (Gonzalez, 2014).
        
        Student leaders are selected with the intention of acting as communicators between students and the institution, being good mediators when conflicts arise and advocating for students in the face of difficulties (Cáceres Reche et al., 2021)
        
        How does emotional intelligence impact leadership effectiveness?
        
        Why is it important?
        
        Leaders with emotional intelligence are able to handle the emotions that come with change and facilitate it with efficiency. It helps them see the skills required to create a winning group and the ability to get past a challenge to adapt. (Issah, M., 2018)
        
        These experiences shape the way they see themselves as individuals both inside and outside of groups and in the community. This helps students understand their responsibilities and the perception that leadership is a team effort rather than an individual job. (Mydin, K. F., & Amran, M. S., 2019)
        
        The skills coupled with emotional intelligence make an effective leader. These may also include the ability to inspire others, personal integrity, communication skills and comfort with building relationships, among others (Aquino et al., 2021)
    - - What determines an effective teacher?
        
        How does emotional intelligence impact leadership effectiveness?
        
        Effective teaching has recently been connected to emotional intelligence. Other aspects of school life that have been linked to emotional intelligence include learning, academic achievement, and pro-social behavior among students (Dolev, 2014).
        
        Academic leadership in higher education is acknowledged to require emotional intelligence, which is a highly relevant and significant requirement (Parrish. 2013).
        
        A teacher must be able to perceive and express emotions, understand emotion, facilitate thinking emotionally, and reflectively regulate emotions (Chen & Guo, 2018).
        
        Schools must place a strong emphasis on emotional intelligence because students' character is inadvertently shaped by it, and they are the nation's future builders (Ramlah, et. al., 2023).
        
        Because emotional intelligence has a substantial impact on teachers' work behavior, which in turn affects their performance, teachers, being the primary role models, need to be highly emotionally intelligent (Ramlah, et. al., 2023).
        
        Why is it important?
        
        One essential component of leadership education needs to be emotional intelligence. Among the most important things that students can learn while in college is about themselves and other people and teachers must be a part of its teaching process (Haber-Curran & Williamson, 2024).
        
        Emotional intelligence is a useful teaching tool, educators should take it into account (Chen & Guo, 2018).
        
        In order to teach students to grow emotionally and intellectually, teachers must be able to perceive, evaluate, and express emotion accurately; access and/or generate feelings when they help with thought; comprehend emotion and emotional knowledge; and control their emotions (Chen & Guo, 2018).
        
        Taking the initiative to enhance practice, working strategically with colleagues to embed change, gathering and applying evidence in collaborative processes, and contributing to the production and sharing of professional knowledge are all considered aspects of teacher leadership (Sha, 2019, p. 137).
        
        What defines an effective leader is a combination of factors including teaching styles, management, overall atmosphere, relationships within the classroom, time on task, chance to learn, quality of instruction, and so on (Opdenakke & Damme, 2006).
    - - What determines an effective administrator?
        
        School administrators form the culture and team spirit as an orchestra conductor within the school (Karacabey, 2020).
        
        How does emotional intelligence impact leadership effectiveness?
        
        Those leaders who demonstrate the sociability factor are good listeners, strong communicators, and can deal with all types of personalities (Finnigan & Maulding-Green, 2018).
        
        Why is it important?
        
        Leaders are always in the spotlight and must remember they present an emotional model for others to follow (Finnigan & Maulding-Green, 2018).
        
        Leading intelligently is more than just scoring ‘above average’ on an intelligence test. It is about leading with the brain, heart and soul (Gage & Smith, 2016).
        
        The EI skills a leader possesses affects everyone with whom they interact. These are the skills that enable leaders to manage their emotions as well as the emotions of others. (Bariso, 2018; Roy, 2015)
        
        Successful leaders learn from others, adapt within core values, and persevere with optimism for high achievement (Allen, 2021).
        
        To be an effective school leader, leaders need to make logical decisions (IQ), manage their own emotions as well as that of their team (EQ), and express their desires and passions (SQ) (Dåderman et al., 2013:64; Shabnam & Tung, 2013:326)
- - - - Great Man Theory:
        This view, rooted in historical figures like Napoleon and Genghis Khan, assumed leaders were born with special traits or destined for greatness. This theory lacked evidence and excluded women due to the prevailing gender bias of the time.
      - Trait Theory:
        This grew out of the Great Man theory, seeking specific qualities like intelligence and integrity as markers of successful leaders. However, it still implied fixed, innate traits and offered no hope for individuals to develop leadership skills. Both theories lacked real-world evidence and ignored the role of different situations in shaping leadership.
    - - Behaviorist Theory:
        The Early proponents believed leaders balanced task achievement with consideration for group dynamics and individual needs. Research methods focused on identifying common behaviors among successful leaders. This led to the development of Theory X and Theory Y, contrasting viewpoints on employee motivation:
        
        Theory X: Assumed workers dislike their work, need close control, and prioritize job security over responsibility.
        
        Theory Y: Opposed to Theory X, workers generally enjoy work, are self-motivated, and desire responsibility.
      - Situational and Contingency Theories:
        Recognizing the environment's role, these theories introduced factors like task characteristics, social dynamics, and leader-subordinate relationships. Leadership was now seen as less about the individual and more about adapting to the situation.
    - - Transformational Leadership:
        This theory emphasizes shared goals, ethical behavior, and mutual growth for both leaders and followers. Change and adaptability are key, with some proponents suggesting charismatic leaders can inspire this transformation.
      - Authentic Leadership:
        Authenticity, positivity, and treating followers with respect are central to this approach. It requires a supportive organizational structure and recognizes leadership as a social construct influenced by group dynamics and the environment.
      - Servant Leadership:
        This model prioritizes the needs and well-being of followers, empowering them and potentially enabling them to become leaders themselves. It suggests shared roles, with leadership acting as a function rather than a fixed position.
      - Modern day Leaders: The rise of the Industrial Revolution led to new types of leaders
        
        Economic Leaders
        
        The so-called Captains of Industry
        
        There empire are made of modern technology such as Oil Barons, railroad magnates, and factory
        
        led to the rise of unions and movements for workers justice.
        
        Scientific Leaders
        
        Scientists gained access to new materials and made advancements in fields like psychiatry and psychology, including studies on improving workplace productivity
    - - Political: Around 1790 B.C., Babylonian ruler Hammurabi created the codified laws, which unified his empire in what was seen as a fair order as all people were subject to the same rules.
      - Military: Sun Tzu was a military general in China from 500 B.C. He wrote the Art of War, and although he was a great military leader, his book is actually about how to not use armies except as a last resort, focusing more on wise political policies and strategies to prevent war.
      - Religious: It may be said that religious leaders have had the greatest impact on their societies, with results that last for centuries.