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Hazards Case studies!, Key - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Iceland, 2010
      - South of Iceland
      - on mid-atlantic ridge
      - constructive margin= high frequency but low magnitude volcanic eruptions with basaltic lava
      - strato volcano
      - 1600m above sea, just below a glacier, with 3-4km crater and several magma chambers
      - High frequency- 3 eruptions in 40 days!
    - - of ash (mainly):
        
        crops destroyed by ash
        
        dark sky- ash blocked sun
        
        and prevented air travel in EU
        
        billions euros lost in delays
        
        sporting events cancelled
        
        may have impacted people's health
        
        no fresh food imports
        
        Kenya's farmers lost $1.3million/day from flowers and veges not being exported to EU
        
        slack of imported raw materias for industries (e.g. Apple HQ)
        
        contaminated water supplies (with ash and fluorine)
        
        water stress in area - water needed from elsewhere, crops that weren't already destroyed suffered, lots without clean water for basic purposes
        
        homes and roads damaged
        
        homeless & less transport to jobs
        
        = lower income for country
        
        500 evacuated (mainly farmers and families)
    - - measures volcanicity magnitude (like the richter scale not its impacts like the MMI scale for earthquakes)
    - - 700 evacuated
      - Air traffic affected in EU
        
        2.8milliond tonnes of CO2 prevented
        
        Other transport companies benefitted
        
        EU developed an integrated air travel- if another eruption, reduced risk of all EU air space closing
      - Face masks for ash
      - Volunteers from Red Cross helped
        
        Provided food, counselling, resources etc
      - Promoted tourism
      - Volcanic ash dissolved iron into North Atlantic =lots of plankton and increase biological productivity
  - - - Central Africa, in DRC
      - Near City of Goma
      - Almost landlocked = limited international trade
        
        in Congo Basin (rainforest)
        
        lots of natural resources
      - finges of East African rift valley (fault line of volcano)
      - Kinshasa (Capital) not far from volcano
      - Divergent plate margin
    - - GDP= $380 per capita (UK = $41,787)
      - but rich in natural resources (yet to be exploited)
      - Limited trade - almost land locked
    - - cos no-one in charge since independence
    - - Seismicity increases
      - 13km fissure opens
    - - 80 people killed
      - 400,000 fled Goma
        
        homeless & in need of resources
        
        2 refugee camps for 85,000 with shelters and supplies, sanitation, and 260 tonnes of food
        
        Red Cross helped- delivered chlorine to treat water
      - Lava flows up to 1km wide & 2m deep
      - lots of ash fall
        
        150 died from asphyxiation & building collapse
      - at night with no warnings so lots injuries, destruction, phychological stress
      - no water or power
        
        electricity restored (after days)
      - fires from lava
        
        120,000 homeless
      - salt price increased by 300% near Goma
      - acid rain
        
        farmers struggling
        
        contamination of water (60% only partially functioning)
    - - Bad prep, protect, no warnings, high frequency
    - - Rescue teams
      - refugee camps
        
        set up by UN for 85,000 people
      - 400,000 evacuated
      - monitoring and prep tried to set up but tricky cos of politics & sulphur dioxide pollution
      - international aid to fund volcanic monitoring
        
        but tricky cos of conflict zone
      - tourism increased
        
        selling of volcanic rocks for money
      - rebuilding & expanding Goma