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Azucena Soto, period 5, The Respiratory System, Screenshot 2024-02-18 2.30…

- - - - EXPIRATION: (passive process); inspiration muscles relax, thoracic volume decreases and lungs recoil.
        -Volume decrease= Intarpulmonary P increases
        FORCED EXPIRATION:(ACTIVE PROCESS); uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles + internal intercostal muscles
        
        NONRESPIRATORY AIR MOVEMENTS
        -various processes can move air into or out of lungs (NOT ONLY BREATHING)
        -can modify respiratory rhythm
        -many result from: reflex action, but some are voluntary
        Ex: coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups and yawns
- - - - Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection in the respiratory system, caused by mycobacterium tubercolosis
        Causes and risk factors:
        -weakened immune system
        -drug and alcohol abuse
        -travel where TB is common
        Symptoms:
        -chest pain
        -Swollen Lymph nodes
        -Shortness of breath
        Treatment options:
        -long term antibiotics
        -surgery
        -medication
        The highest cases (of MDR-TB)are in Azerbaijan (22%)
        
        Pneumonia: Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
        Causes and Risk factors:
        -bacterial infection
        -aspiration
        -complication of other respiratory infection
        Symptoms:
        -Fever
        -Chills
        -Chest Pain
        Treatment Options:
        -Over the counter medication
        -antibiotics
        -oxygen therapy
        8.8 million child deaths caused by pneumonia in 2008
        
        Lung Cancer: uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
        Causes and risk factors:
        -second hand smoke
        -genetics
        -air pollution
        Symptoms:
        -chest pain
        -fatigue
        -Weight loss
        Treatment Options:
        -radiation
        -targeted therapy
        -surgical removal
        Most cases of lung cancer are found in the Midwest due to the
        
        Seasonal Flu: A viral infection, there are many variations of the virus, and it changes rapidly, year to year. Which changes the severity of the symptoms.
        Causes and Risk Factors:
        -Age
        -Occupation
        -Pregnancy
        Symptoms:
        -Dry cough
        -Fatigue
        -Chills
        -Congestion
        Treatment options:
        -Early Vaccination
        -Antiviral medication
        -rest and dehydration
        In 2009, 359 cases (of H1N1) reported in San Diego County
- - - - Paranasal Sinuses: the thing that forms rings around nasal cavities
        -location: frontal,sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
        -functions;
        Lighten skull
        Secrete mucus
        Help to warm and moisten air
        
        Pharynx: muscular tube that goes from the base of the skull to vertebra C6
        -connects: nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
        -made up of skeletal muscle
        -regions-
        Nasopharynx: only air passageway; soft palate and contains UVULA that closes nasopharynx during swallowing, PHARYNGEAL TONSILS (adenoids) are on posterior wall)
        Oropharynx:food and air passageway (soft palate-> epiglottis), PALATINE TONSILS @ lateral walls of fauces, LINGUAL TONSILS @ posterior surface of tongue
        Laryngopharynx:food and air passageway, posterior to upright EPIGLOTTIS, extend to -> LARYNX, then continuous with esophagus
- - - - Trachea/windpipe; from larynx to mediastium, then divides into the main bronchi's (about 4in long and 3/4 inch in diameter, very flexible)
        wall: 3 layers
        mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium w goblet cells
        submucosa: CT with seromucous glands, produce mucus sheets within trachea, supported by 16-20 C shaped cartilage rings (prevent collapse of trachea)
        Adventitia: outermost layer made up of CT
        Carina: last tracheal cartilage, expanded and found at point where trachea branches into the two main bronchi
        
        Bronchi: 23 orders of branching (bronchial tree)
        -@conducting zone there are the primary bronchi (right is wider, shorter and more vertical than left); each enters the hilum of one lung
        -then branches to the lobar (secondary) bronchi; three on the right and two on the left, they each supply one lobe
        -then branches into the segmental (tertiary) bronchi ; this one is then divided repeatedly
        -as branches continue they become smaller-
        Bronchioles; less than 1mm in diameter
        Terminal bronchioles; smalles of all, less than 0.5 mm in diameter
        -@respiratory zone; begins with terminal bronchioles turning into respiratory bronchioles; this then leads to alveolar ducts, then to alveolar sacs (saccules)
        -Alveolar Sacs; clusters of alveoli; make up most of lung volume, they are the site of actual gas exchange
        (respiratpry membrane; blood air barrier, has capillary and alveolar walls with fused membranes)
        Alveolar walls: single layer of squamous epithelium, scattered cuboidal alveolar cells that secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins)
        
        LUNGS: occupy all thoracic cavity except for MEDIASTINUM
        Hilum: at mediastinal surface, the site of entry and exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lympthaic vessells and nerves
        -LEFT LUNG: has superior and inferior lobes that are seperated by an oblique fissure; it is smaller than the right side due to the position of heart
        (cardiac notch; concavity for heart to fit into)
        -RIGHT LUNG: has superior, middle and inferior lobes; superior and middle lobes are separated by a horizontal fissure, middle and inferior lobes, separated by oblique fissure