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DNA, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Genes, Cancer, LAC Operon, Gene…
DNA
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Discovery
Watson & Crick publish double helix structure in Feb, 1953
Watson, Crick, and Wilkins receive Nobel Prize in 1962
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Structure
Double helix
Complementary, anti-parallel strands
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Methylation - addition of methyl group that causes dna to bind tighter, decreasing expression
Acetylation - addition of acetyl group that cause dna to curl less tightly, increasing transcription
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Genes
Human Karyotype
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 autosomal, 1 sex
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Mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence due to replication errors or mutagens, ie radiation
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Encode the information used to generate the phenotype (observable characteristics) and are heritable
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Cancer
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Therapies
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Immuno-therapies - teach the immune system to destroy cancer cells (teach killer T-cells to identify cancer with disabled HIV)
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LAC Operon
When lactose binds to the repressor, repressor leaves and RNA polymerase can make mRNA
Permease formed, allows lactose in to the cell and it turns into sugars, when too much lactose, the lactose on the repressor leaves, and the repressor binds to DNA again and halts gene expression
When lactose is present, more lactore is formed
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Tryptophen is the opposite, when it exists, it stops making more
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When it exists, it stops blocking the things that make enzymes
In Ecoli, Lactose absent - transcription of the Z-Y-A genes turned off by a repressor protein that binds to the operator. RNA polymerase is blocked and transcription prevented – no mRNA
Lactose Present - operon is active and available for transcription because lactose binds to the repressor protein inducing a conformational change
Repressor/Lactose complex cannot bind to operator and RNA polymerase binds to promoter & initiates transcription
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Personalized medicine
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Epigenomics - determining effect of factors on genes, and how their change influences health
Amino Acids
About 20 of them, they attach to form different types of proteins
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DNA lives in nucleus, amino acids live in the cytoplasm
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Genetic diseases
nondisjunction - failure of chromosomes to separate; incorrect number of chromosomes to two or all gametes (meiosis II or meiosis I)
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x turner syndrome - shortness, broad chest, non-functional ovaries
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single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) - 5 million in human genome, some may cause disease
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Human Genome Project
21,000 genes in 3.2 billion nucleotides
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remaining 98.5: control regions, noncoding DNA, repetitions
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Encode Project
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80% of genome codes for active RNA molecules that have function (18,400 RNA genes & 20,687 protein-coding genes)
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Epigenetics
Epigenomic change agents include Methyl groups (CH3), Acetyl groups and small RNA molecules
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Mitosis
When a somatic cell divides the full diploid complement of chromosomes must be passed on to the daughter cells
Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membrance equally into two daughter cells
Meiosis
Occurs in sex organs, produces haploid gametes which are the sprem and eggs
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PMAT
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase
Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct rod-like shapes. Two new nuclear membranes then form around each of the two regions.
Cytokinesis
Cell membrane will pinch and divide cytoplasm in half. The result is that two individual cells that are identical to the original cell. Interphase
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Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and become connected to the spindle fiber at their contromere
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RNAi
RNA interference
This is when RNA molecules and proteins destroy mRNA molecules before they reach the ribosome and lead to suppression of associated genes
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