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Sensation and Perception - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Vision, hearing (audition).
      - Smell (olfaction).
      - Taste (gustation).
      - Touch (somatosensation).
      - Balance (the vestibular sense).
      - Body position (proprioception).
      - Movement (kinesthesia).
      - Pain (nociception).
      - Temperature (thermoception).
    - - Minimum amount of stimulus energy makes the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.
      - A stimulus reaches a physiological threshold when it is strong enough to excite sensory receptors and send nerve impulses to the brain.
    - - Message not strong enough to reach the threshold.
      - We receive it, but we are not consciously aware of it.
      - Have little effect on behavior outside the laboratory.
    - - Just noticeable difference: The smallest amount something must change in order for a person to notice the change 50% of the time.
      - Weber’s law: the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus.
  - - - Bottom-up processing: perceptions are built from sensory input.
        Cognition is largely influenced by external stimuli.
      - Top-down processing: how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts.
        Involves higher-level cognitive processes: memory, knowledge, and expectations.
  - - - Sensations not result in perception.
      - Sensory receptors become less sensitive to constant stimuli over prolonged periods of time.
      - Prevent sensory overload and enables the detection of new or changing stimuli.
    - - Determine what is sensed vs what is perceived.
      - Inattentional blindness: failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention.
        Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris gorilla test (1999).
- - - - Cornea: the transparent covering over the eye.
        Help to focus incoming light.
      - Pupil: the small opening in the eye through which light passes.
        Can change size.
      - Iris: colored portion of the eye.
        Connected to muscles that control pupil size.
      - Lens: a curved, transparent structure behind pupil.
        Change shape to adjust focus for seeing objects at different distances.
      - Retina: the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye.
      - Fovea
        
        Part of the retina.
        Images tend to be focused.
        
        Contain photoreceptor cells Cones
        
        Light-detecting cells.
        
        Work best in bright light conditions.
        Responsible for color vision, acute detail and high resolution.
      - Rods: Specialized photoreceptors for low-light vision, peripheral vision, and motion detection.
        Locate around the remaining periphery of the retina.
      - Rods and cones are connected (via several interneurons) to retinal ganglion cells.
    - - Optic nerve
        
        Axons from the retinal ganglion cells.
        Carrie visual information from the retina to the brain.
        
        Blind spot: point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field.
        The brain fills the information of the blind spot.
      - Optic chiasm: a point where the optic nerve from each eye merges.
        Allow visual information from both eyes to be used by both hemispheres of the brain.
      - Visual information is sent to the occipital lobe at the back of the brain for processing in parallel pathways
        
        What pathway: object recognition and identification.
        
        Where/how pathway: object location or movement in space.
  - - - Three different types of cones that mediate color vision.
        Each is maximally sensitive to a slightly different wavelength of light.
      - Trichromatic theory of color perception
        
        All colors in the spectrum can be produced by combining red, green, and blue.
        
        Three types of cones are each receptive to one of the colors.
      - Opponent-process theory
        
        Color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red.
        
        Some cells of the visual system are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other.
        
        Afterimage: continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus.
    - - Ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-dimensional (3-D) space.
      - Binocular cues: cue that relies on the use of both eyes.
      - Binocular disparity: the slightly different view of the world that each of our eyes receives.
      - Monocular cues: cues that require only one eye.
      - Linear perspective: perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge.
- - - - Pinna: visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads.
      - Auditory canal.
      - Tympanic membrane: eardrum.
    - - Contain 3 tiny bones known as ossicles.
        
        Incus (or anvil).
        
        Stapes (or stirrup).
        
        Malleus (or hammer).
    - - Semi-circular canals: involve in balance and movement.
      - Cochlea: a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure.
      - Basilar membrane: thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells.
      - Hair cells: auditory receptor cells.