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Substance Abuse and Public Health - Coggle Diagram
Substance Abuse and Public Health
Biological Factors
A persons genetics is one of the most leading factors in the development of addiction (Popescu. A, 2021)
Genetics can influence ones susceptilbility to substance abuse from inherity of genes in a family tree (Genetic Science Learning Center, 2013)
Heritability is responsible for 40-60% of the populations variability in developing an addiction (Genetic Science Learning Center, 2013).
Substance abuse alters individuals dopamine receptors in the brain (Genetic Science Learning Center, 2013).
Changes nurish a higher tolerance resulting in user requiring more of the drug next time they get high (Genetic Science Learning Center, 2013).
Dopamineraic mesolimbic system is the leading system in development of addiction (Popescu. A, 2021).
Epigenetic impact includes interactions between environmental and genetic vuknerability during developmental periods increasing risk for mental health and addiction (Commonality Between Substance Use Disorders and Mental Illness, 2021).
Psycological Factors
More than 20% of adolescents had a history of trauma exposure (Khoury. L, 2010)
Maladaptive coping mechanisms can contribute to substance abuse (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d)
Substance abuse changes functions and structure of the brain making a person more likely to develop a mental disorder (Khoury. L, 2010)
Substance users seek anticpated satisfaction from used substance creating vicious cycle (Popescu. A, 2021)
Substance abuse disorder and mental disorders run in families resulting in certain genes are risk factors (National Institute of Mental health, n.d.).
People with a mental disorder such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, are more likely to use substances as a form of self-medication (Khoury. L, 2010).
Psychopathological dimensions associated with addictive behaviors: Alexithymia, depression, search for sensation (Popescu. A, 2021).
Vulnerability Factors: 1. Insecure attachments developed in childhood 2. Depressive vulnerability 3. Emotional regulation issues 4. Impulsive regulation. (Popescu. A, 2021).
Addicted Brain
Social/Environmental Factors
Populations with disadvantaged socioeconomic characteristic are more vulnerable to drug consumption (Nevarez-Sida. A, 2012).
Low education levels, high rates of unemployment, dysfunctional families (Nevarez-Sida. A, 2012).
Opiate users were 2.7 times more likely to have a history of childhood sexual and/or physical abuse than non-opiate users (The Treatment Professionals of Tampa, n.d.)
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Genetic predispositions and vulnerabilities influence susceptibility to social and environmental stressors, interact with personality traits and comorbid psychiatric disorders, and influence the trajectory of addiction at varying stages (Ewald, Strack, & Orsini, 2019).
Accessibility to tobacco, alcohol, and certain illicit drugs have been main cause to substance epidemic (Warren. J.C., 2013).
Social media and e-commerce platforms on the clear web have emerged as new marketplaces to buy and sell counterfeit pills, opioids, and other drugs, as well as dangerous precursor chemicals and the equipment used to manufacture pills (U.S. Department of Justice, n.d.).
Media portrayl influences social norms and behaviors (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2022).
Some outlets accurately depict challenges of users while others sensationalize and romantize drug use (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2022)
Negative attitudes and sterotypes towards substance users can cause barriers to treatment (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2022)
In 2021, 10.4% of people who felt they needed treatment did not seek help due to fear of attracting negative attitudes from their community (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2022)
Drug Trafficking
In Haiti, drug traffickers take advantage of porous borders to bolster their businesses, fueling the country’s multiplying crises (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], n.d.).
War in Ukraine have displaced traditional cocaine and heroin routes, triggering an expansion of the manufacture and trafficking of synthetic drugs (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], n.d.).
There are increasing signs of large methamphetamine manufacture in Afghanistan and expanded trafficking through South Asia for markets in Oceania, Europe and elsewhere.
Traffickers continue to innovate and the range of drugs available on the market has started to expand again. After several years of stabilization, the number of new psy- choactive substances on the global market increased in 2021.
Trafficking
Political
Substance abusr treatment programs relie on federal substance abuse block grants, medicare reimbursements, and state general funds (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, n.d.)
Stability in issues and policy fosteres inattention since the late 19th century (Caulkins, 2003).
