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Paternal Postnatal Depression :silhouette: - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The study suggests that it is important to educate fathers on postpartum depression symptoms and how to receive help. Fathers receiving help for PPD will not only help themselves but will also benefit the entire family unit
        Eddy, B. P., Poll, V., Whiting, J. B., & Clevesy, M. A. (2019). Forgotten Fathers: Postpartum Depression in Men. Journal of Family Issues, 40(8), 1001–1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19833111
    - - In this study, it is reported that new fathers with depressive symptoms, 3 to 6 months postpartum, felt loss of control and powerlessness after birth, indicating that they were unable to balance the competing demands of family, work, and their own needs and experienced conflicting messages from both the society and their partners.
        Edhborg, M., Carlberg, M., Lindberg, L. (2016). "Waiting for Better Times": Experiences in the First Postpartum Year by Swedish Fathers with Depressive Symptoms. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315574740
    - - PND was experienced as a health problem in fathers which was vague and difficult to detect. An open, sensitive attitude is needed to all kinds of signals of paternal health status in order to identify fathers with depressive symptoms.
        Hammarlund, K., Andersson, E., Tenenbaum, H., & Sundler, A. J. (2015). We are also interested in how fathers feel: a qualitative exploration of child health center nurses’ recognition of postnatal depression in fathers. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0726-6
    - - The current study shows that fathers may feel reluctant and unable to express their support needs or seek help and question the legitimacy of their experiences; an issue that can be compounded by prioritising their partner’s needs and feeling excluded by services which they perceive to be under-resourced.
        Darwin, Z., Galdas, P., Hinchliff, S., Littlewood, E., McMillan, D., McGowan, L., & Gilbody, S. (2017). Fathers’ views and experiences of their own mental health during pregnancy and the first postnatal year: a qualitative interview study of men participating in the UK Born and Bred in Yorkshire (BaBY) cohort. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1229-4
    - - The findings demonstrate that paternal PPD has a significant impact on fathers’ wellbeing and everyday lives, as the fathers felt inadequate and powerless in relation to their new role as a father.
        Pedersen, S. C., Maindal, H. T., & Ryom, K. (2021). “I wanted to be there as a father, but I couldn’t”: A qualitative study of fathers’ experiences of postpartum depression and their Help-Seeking behavior. American Journal of Men’s Health, 15(3), 155798832110243. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883211024375
  - - - The data from this study illustrates that the documented experiences are complex and shaped by religion, masculinity, and culture's expectation
        Tarawneh, T. A., Shoqirat, N., & Almalik, M. (2020b). “Being relieved and puzzled”: A qualitative study of first time fathers’ experiences postpartum in Jordan. Women and Birth, 33(4), e320–e325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.07.006
    - - Because PPD has a great influence on the mother's, father's and the child's well-being, it is important to understand what new parents undergo after childbirth. Both mothers and fathers do not receive enough support from their significant others.
        Holopainen, A., & Hakulinen, T. (2019). New parents’ experiences of postpartum depression: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 17(9), 1731–1769. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003909
    - - Role restrictions and changes in lifestyle often resulted in stress, which manifested as tiredness, irritability and frustration
        Baldwin, S., Malone, M., Sandall, J., & Bick, D. (2018). Mental health and wellbeing during the transition to fatherhood: a systematic review of first time fathers’ experiences. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 16(11), 2118–2191. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003773
- - - - Nonresident fathers have higher depressive symptom scores, while resident fathers only increase depressive symptom scores during early fatherhood, where their children are aged 0-5.
        Ansari, N. S., Shah, J., Dennis, C., & Shah, P. S. (2021). Risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms among fathers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 100(7), 1186–1199. https://doi.org/10.
    - - Younger fathers in their twenties had an increased risk of depressive symptoms than fathers aged 29-33 years.
        Bergström, M. (2013). Depressive Symptoms in New First-Time Fathers: Associations with Age, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Antenatal Psychological Well-Being. Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care, 40(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12026
      - Three dimensions were analyzed regarding PPD symptoms such as social dysfunction, somatic disorders, and anxiety, wherein new fathers are found to have higher levels of PPD, with such symptoms that can be observed.
        Golboni, F., Nadrian, H., Zareipour, M., Shirzadi, S., & Gheshlagh, R. G. (2017). Mother-Father Differences in Postnatal Psychological Distress and Its Determinants in Iran. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(1), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.009
    - - Men with spouses with no trace of PPD are less likely to develop one, while men with spouses : who had prolonged history of PPD have the highest chance to develop PPD, with common behaviors noted as lack of sleep, excessive stress related to becoming a parent, and relationship problems with spouse, in-laws, or stepfamily.
        Barnes, C. L. (2019). What Postpartum Depression Looks Like For Men: A Phenomenological Study. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcintent.cgi?article=8053&context=dissertions
  - - - A significant number of parents reported high levels of psychological distress shortly after birth and at 6 months postpartum
        Anding, J., Röhrle, B., Grieshop, M., Schücking, B., & Christiansen, H. (2015). Early Detection of postpartum depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers and its relation to midwives’ evaluation and service provision: A Community-Based Study. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2015.00062
      - Birth weight of infants for the first months
        
        Symptoms such as mood liability, insomnia, disorganized behavior, irritability, and agitation can be observed between mothers and fathers of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants, for there are higher levels of postnatal depressive symptoms in the 1st months among parents, due to baby's health issues.
        Neri, E., Giovagnoli, S., Genova, F., Benassi, M., Stella, M., & Agostini, F. (2020). Reciprocal influence of depressive symptoms between mothers and fathers during the first postpartum year: A comparison among Full-Term, Very Low, and Extremely Low birth weight infants. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578264
    - - Fathers reported highest initial scores of depressed moods, and a constantly increasing pattern at least to 12 months postpartum, rather than earlier periods.
        Nieh, H. P., Chang, C., & Chou, L. (2022). Differential Trajectories of Fathers’ Postpartum Depressed Mood: A Latent class Growth Analysis approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031891
  - - - Depressed men are reported to engage with alcohol and drug misuse and poor impulse control.
        Cavanagh, A., Wilson, C. J., Kavanagh, D. J., & Caputi, P. (2017). Differences in the Expression of Symptoms in Men Versus Women with Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 25(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/hrp.0000000000000128
    - - Men are likely to indirectly communicate what they feel through avoidance, emotional numbness, or escapism such as aggressiveness, and isolation.
        Youdef, I., Javed, H. A., Naeem, R., Ikram, A. (2023). Exploring the Manifestation of Post-Partum Depression In Men. https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1103.0645