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Chapter 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator) adjusts GDP by incorporating environmental and social factors to provide a more comprehensive measure of economic progress
        
        Command and control strategies involve government regulations and mandates to control pollution and environmental degradation.
        
        Market-based strategies use economic incentives such as taxes, subsidies, and cap-and-trade systems to achieve environmental goals.
        
        A centrally planned economy is controlled by the government, which makes decisions regarding production, distribution, and consumption.
        
        A free-market economy relies on supply and demand with minimal government intervention.
        
        Cost-benefit analyses are used to evaluate the pros and cons of a proposed policy or project by comparing the costs and benefits associated with it. They help policymakers make informed decisions by considering both economic and environmental factors.
        
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  - - - Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are independent organizations that operate without government control and work on various issues, including environmental conservation, humanitarian aid, and human rights advocacy.
        
        Ecosystem goods are tangible products obtained from ecosystems, such as food, timber, and medicine.
        
        Ecosystem services are the benefits provided by ecosystems, including pollination, water purification, and climate regulation.
        
        The four stages of environmental policy are recognition, formulation, implementation, and control.
        
        Politicians addressing global climate change are in the policy formulation and implementation stages, as they are creating and implementing laws and regulations to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
- - - - Aldo Leopold was an American ecologist known for his book "A Sand County Almanac" and his advocacy for wilderness conservation and land ethics.
        
        Wangari Maathai was a Kenyan environmentalist and political activist who founded the Green Belt Movement, focusing on tree planting, environmental conservation, and women's rights.
        
        Rachel Carson was an American marine biologist and conservationist who wrote the book "Silent Spring," which documented the environmental impacts of pesticides, particularly DDT, and sparked the modern environmental movement. Her work led to increased awareness of environmental issues and the eventual banning of DDT in the United States.
      - Garrett Hardin was an American ecologist famous for his essay "The Tragedy of the Commons," which discusses the conflict between individual interests and the common good.
        
        Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States, known for his conservation efforts, including the establishment of national parks and forests.
- - - - A habitat is the physical location where a species lives and obtains its resources.
        
        The order of taxa in Linnaean Taxonomy is: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
        
        The four environmental spheres are the lithosphere (solid Earth), hydrosphere (water bodies), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (living organisms).
        
        Carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycles are processes through which these elements cycle through the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and agriculture, can disrupt these cycles through activities like deforestation, industrial pollution, and fertilizer use.
        
        Eutrophication is caused by an excess of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, in aquatic ecosystems. This leads to excessive algae growth, oxygen depletion, and ecosystem degradation
    - - Abiotic factors are non-living components, including temperature, sunlight, soil, and water.
        
        The hierarchical levels of ecology include species, population, Biotic community, ecotone, ecosystem, biome, biosphere, landscape, and global levels.
        
        Zones of stress occur when organisms are exposed to conditions outside their tolerance limits, leading to reduced fitness or survival.
        
        Synergism refers to the interaction between two or more factors or substances that results in a combined effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.
        
        Limits of tolerance refer to the range of environmental conditions within which an organism can survive and function optimally.
- - - - The S-curve represents logistic growth, where the population initially grows exponentially but then slows down and stabilizes at the carrying capacity
        
        Environmental resistance refers to factors in the environment that limit population growth, such as predation, competition for resources, disease, and environmental stressors.
        
        population consists of individuals of the same species living in the same area and capable of interbreeding.
        
        Intraspecific competition occurs between individuals of the same species, while interspecific competition occurs between individuals of different species competing for the same resources.
        
        Darwin's finches are a group of closely related bird species found in the Galápagos Islands. They played a crucial role in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, as he observed variations in beak size and shape among different finch species, which correlated with their diets and ecological niches.
        
        Biotic potential refers to the maximum reproductive capacity of a population under ideal environmental conditions
        
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        A community consists of multiple populations of different species living and interacting in the same area.