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Chapter 5, chapter 6, Chapter 8, Chapter 10, chapter 12, chapter 3,…
Chapter 5
enzymes
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inhibitors
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non competitive: interact with the enzyme anywhere but the active site, change shape of the enzyme
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Chapter 8
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meiosis
PMAT PMAT
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metaphase I: chromosome line up single file horizontally on spindle and have an independant assortment 2n=4
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prophase II: 2 chromatids per chromosome in both cells, spindle forms and nuclear envelope dissolves n=2 n=2
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anaphase II: 1 chromatid per chromosome, pulled to 2 sides 2n=4 2n=4
telephase (cytokenisis) II: cells divide into 4, nuclear envelope reforms, relaxes back to chromatin
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chapter 12
gene cloning and editing
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Gene cloning: copies of genetic sequence or product of that gene (ex: production of human insulin using E.coli bacteria)
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Restriction enzymes: to cut DNA, a defense mechanism against virus
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GMOs
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transgenic organism (corn, golden rice...)
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DNA profiling
Gel electrophoresis
separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size
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chapter 11
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genetic basis of cancer
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faulty proteins
affects cell cycle control system because many proto-oncogenes and TSG are coding for a protein thats part of the signal transduction pathway thatll regulate cell division.
carcinogens
specific class of substances and chemicals and physcial facotrs that cause mutations, keading to cancer
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chapter 4
tour of the cell
microscopes
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SEM x10,000,000 magnification
TEM x50,000,000 magnification
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Chapter 9
Genetics
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Mendel's 4 hypotheses
- There are alternate versions of genes (alleles) that account for variations in inherited characters
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- For each character, an organism inherits 2 alleles of a gene, one from each parent
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- If the 2 alleles of an inherited pair differs then 1 determines the organisms appearance and is called the dominant allele and the other has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance and is the recessive allele
- A sperm or egg carries only 1 allele for each inherited character because allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes. Law of segregation
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Chapter 2
chemical basis of life
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pH
lower numbers are more acidic, higher numbers are more basic
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