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Unit 5: How can we use DNA analysis to find Missy Baker and determine what…
Unit 5: How can we use DNA analysis to find Missy Baker and determine what disease she has?
DNA Fingerprinting
PCR
Used to increase a gene of interest and make billions of copies of that gene to analyze. Has 3 steps:
Denaturing- DNA is heated to a high enough temperature where it separates apart.
Annealing- the temperature is lowered and the primers stick to their exact sequence on the DNA.
Extension- the temperature is raised again, and Taq polymerase adds DNA bases to a growing chain.
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis helps visualize the PCR products and analyze them.
Uses an agarose gel, buffer to conduct electricity, and an electrical current to separate DNA fragments by size and charge.
The DNA is stained by a fluorescent dye so it can be visualized.
DNA
RNA
mRNA
Another type of RNA that copies the DNA’s original code during Transcription in the nucleus and then brings it to an active site to bind with amino acids with its own codon.
rRNA
Final type of RNA which compounds with protein to make a ribosome in the cell where mRNA and tRNA come together and make proteins.
tRNA
One of the 3 types of RNA which carries amino acids and anticodons to an active site to make a chain of polypeptides and then a protein.
The key to life and all living organisms have it. Is only found in the nucleus in a Eukaryotic cell and has sections in it called genes that code for proteins to make anything in the body. Is very durable and is passed down from parents.
Made of a phosphate group, a sugar group, and an A, T, C, or G nitrogen bases
Base Pairing
Adenine (A) always matches with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) always matches with Guanine (G) in DNA.
In RNA it is the same but Uracil (U) swaps with Thymine (T).
Chargaff's Rules
Chargaff's rule is that there is always an equal percentage of A and T as well as C and G.
Mutations:
Deletion- a base if deleted.
Insertion- an extra base is added which causes a frameshift.
Substitution- one base is substituted for another.
Can be Missense (changes the amino acid), Silent (does not change the amino acid), or Nonsense (changed the amino acid to a "stop").
Logan
Transcription
happens in the nucleus when RNA polymerase splits DNA in half and mRNA copies the code to be translated into a protein.
Translation
The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome where it matches with tRNA by codons and anticodons to code for proteins.