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Yemen - 10 year Famine, theory of Boserup and Malthus, Link to population,…

- - - - Intense droughts are causing desertification
        
        Extreme climate destroys crops and make it difficult to sustain agriculture.
        
        disertification from droughts 3-5% arable land decreasing agriculture
      - Lack of rain causes lack of growth of any export products decreasing overall exports
        
        Dry weather causing lack of land for grazing animals
        
        Constant loss of animals, all sheep and cattle have been starved due to lack of plants and water. No meat. Famine
        
        Disturbance to overall ecosystem since all organisms are depleting
        
        The country suffered its worst drought in nearly a millennium in 2010, wiping out the livelihoods of 800,000 people and decimating 85 percent of the country's agriculture.
      - Disease is spread due to disaster and lack of basic nutrition to fight pathogens
        
        Preliminary findings from 172 hospitalizations for cholera during the study period include 163 that werre severeely dehydrated (94.8%
    - - Floods and droughts have led to the destruction of shelters and infrastructure, restricted access to markets and basic services, wrecked livelihoods, facilitated the spread of deadly diseases
  - - - Depleting soil nutrrients and increasing vulnerability to pests and disease. With less variety in crops, population diet may lack essential nutrrients, lelading to malnutrion and health issues.
    - - Only 3% of the total land is arable and less than half of that (roughly 1.5 million hectares) is actually cultivated.
  - - - Yemen faces severe water scarcity, exacerbated by unsustainable agricultural practices such as excessive groundwater extraction for irrigation.
        
        Leads to depletion of aquifiers, reduced water availability for agricluture and decreased crop yields. Without adequate water for irrigation, farmers struggle to grow enough food to meet the populations needs contributing to famine
    - - Unsustainable agricultural practices including overgrazing, deforestation, and improper land management have led to widespread land degredation in yemen.
      - Soil erosion, loss of fertility and desertification reduced productivity of arable lannd making it more challenging for farmers to grow crops.
        
        Decreased agricultural productivity exacerbates food insecurity and contributes to the famine by limiting the availability of locally grown food.
    - - Yemen is heavily dependent on imported food to meet its population's needs with up to 90% of its food requirements being imported.
        
        Ukraine - Russia conflict caused wheat supply and price dynamic to affect supply chain to yemen. Yemen wheat import experienced reduced access to wheat produced in India, Russia and Ukraine.
    - - Conflict coupled with drought and disease outbreaks led to decline in livestock numbers reducing availability off meat, milk and other food products heavy in nutrition.
  - - - Sea level rise results in saltwater intrusion,
        rendering coastal aquifers undrinkable, exacerbating country's water scarcity issues
      - Water scarcity is a big obstacle in improving agricultural productivity in Yemen and depletion of resources
        
        could lead to 40% reduction in agricultural productivity
        
        Lack of agriculture so lack of food therefore famine
    - - Result of lack of food or water during heat wave
    - - Extreme unprepared weather destroy limited infrastructure in camps and heat waves leave no options for shelter
        
        Displacement causes poverty and therefore --> famine
- - - - High proportion of infants and young people age 0-25 making youth particularly vulnerable to malnutrition
        
        Dependency ratio: high dependency ratio with most of the population density in young and dependent individuals straining resources
        
        Depleting population of working ages- density in young people, not enough old persons making the disparaties to depict lack of working class efficiently.
  - - - 2022 saw 235,000 new displacements. Yemen remains among the top six largest internally displaced countries in the world.
        
        Many IDPs in Yemen live in flood-prone areas or dangerous locations, characterized by widespread food insecurity and lack of water, healthcare and sanitation services
  - - - The infant mortality rate for Yemen in 2022 was 42.245 deaths per 1000 live births,
        
        Therefore, the death rate in Yemen reached a peak in 2021 with 6.84 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants.
        
        Infant mortality due to high risks of malnutrition and starvation
- - - - Economic Size: a GDP so small indicates that Yemen's economy in terms of output of goods and services. In comparison to other countries, their economy is relatively small.
        
        Challenges like fluctuating currency values, high inflation and heightened sociall unrest, have hindered the non-oil sector, especially the private sector. GDP decreased by 0.5% in 2023, due to war involvement because prrevious year saw 1.5% increase.
      - Agriculture contributes to 80% of Yemen's income and provides employment opportunities. (link to unemployment)
        
        Oil accounts for 85% of Yemen's export
        
        Due to civil issues: Yemeni government has been forced to completely stop oil exports from areas under its control due to Houthi group. Oil exports decreased by 0.5% since.
        
        Overall decrease of GDP and revenue income causing even less income into the country overall.
        
        increasing poverty and therefore famine
    - - Heavy focus on food import
  - - - Decreased purchasing power: high inflation erodes the purchasing power of consumers income. Therefore, there is a decline in living standards and can push more households into poverty promoting famine
      - Consumer price inflation averaged 21.7% in ten years. Average was 29.1%
      - Increased cost of living because prices for essential goods had increased making scarcity for those spending less already increasing cost of living.
        
        Famine due to lack of food because it is too expensive
      - Supply chain disruptions: High inflation disrupted supply chain and exacerbated food shortages. transportation and distribution costs increased by 60% driving up prices and limiting availability.
    - - Conflict with Saudi Arabia bars Yemen access to oil quickly forcing them to produce crude oil themselves costing
        
        Civil war causes displacement, and poverty bringing poverty levels to 50.6% population under intense poverty.
  - - - Due to conflict and violence many choose to remain unemployed or are not employed for their political choice
        
        less than half of Yemen population lives on less that $2 a day
        
        Reduced labor opportunities because of lack of revenue and plummeting wages
        
        This equates to roughly 10.3 million people on the basis of the World Bank population estimate of 24 million for the same year 1.
  - - - A resolution by GoY to mitigate the issue enstates $31 million to farmersfor horticulture (seed improvement), dairy processing and beekeeping but lack specificty on the lack of arable land and major contribution to qat.