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Bio 20-1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Cellular respiration formula: (glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ATP) c6H1206 + 602 = 6c02 +6h20 + ATP
        
        ATP: Adenosine triphosphate: stores chemical energy that's released by the oxidization of glucose/ cellular respiration.
        
        Stored in high energy bonds and when broken is used by the cell for metabolic reactions, life processes, active transport, growth, repair and movement
        
        4 po4 bonds (high energy) connected to OHOH and H2N
        
        Form of a redox reaction (REDUCTION REACTION): involves the tranpher of electrons from 1 atom to another
        
        Pigments: Obsorb certan wavelenghts and when they do. the OXIDIZE (LOOSE AN ELECTRON)
  - - - waxy cuticle
        
        upper epidermis - Palisade tissue (contains chloroplast
        
        Vascular bundle: Phloem/ Xylem next to spongy tissue
        
        lower epidermis with stoma and guard cells
        
        Chloroplast: membrane bound organelle in green plants and algal that carries our photosynthesis
        
        Parts and functions of a chloroplast
        
        Stroma: protien-rich semi-liquid material inside chloroplast
        
        Calvin cycle
        
        Reduction
        
        Regeneration
        
        Carbon fixation
        
        Thylakoid: system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a seperate comartment within the stroma of a chloroplast
        
        INSIDE A THYLAKOID MEMBRAINE:
        
        Stroma (outside)
        
        Phospholipids: hydrophobic tails are inside
        
        Light harvesting complex (photosystem 1 and 2)
        
        cytochromes: imbeded in phospholipids
        
        ATP synthase
        
        FuNUCTION OF THYLAKOID/ USE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
        
        PS2:
        
        2 more items...
        
        ps1
        
        Grana: stacks of thylakoids
        
        Lamellae: Groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana
        
        Thylakoid membrains: Photosynthetic membraine within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains
        
        INSIDE THE MEMBRAIN/ LIGHT DEPENDANT REACTION
        
        Lumen
        
        LHC (Light Harvesting complex) - Contains pigments -PS2: is hit by the sun and makes high energy electron wich jumps to cytochromes (NADP)
        
        Cytochromes: takes energy from the electron and works as a "protein pump" to push hydrogen from the stroma inside
        
        ATP synthase:
        
        Thylakoid lumen: fluid filled space inside thylakoid
- - - - Catabolic
        
        DIGESTION: breaking plants/ animals into protiens and building blocks, to build back up (NADPH- NAD) - nas is the energy source our ody can use
        
        Hydrolosis
      - Anabolic: requires energy
        
        Dehydration synthesis:
    - - Neutral ( PH = 7) - equal amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
      - Acidic = more hydrogen ions
      - Basic: more hydroxide ions
      - BUFFERS: sustances that work to maintaine a stable Ph, as substances in the body need a certan PH to function
    - - ORGANIC: made by living organisms - carbon and hydrogen bound
        
        carbs, protens, neclic acid, lipids
        
        Carbs, protens and nucleic acid are often found as polymers, wich can be stored as fat
        
        POLYMER VS MONOMER: polymers are large molecules built of cahins of monomers. Polymers are easey to store
        
        Monomer to polymer = dehydration synthesis:(small molecule becomes big)
        
        Removing H20 (oh from one and H from the other) - rusults in a polymer and water
        
        Polymer to monomer = hydrolysis
        
        adding H20 splits the polymer bond and attaches to subunits (one gain H and other gains OH)
      - inorganic: made by non living and no carbond is bound to hydrogen
        
        vitamins and minerals
        
        water
    - - Carbohydrates
        
        Made of C HO (1:2:1), end in "ose" and are the main energy source. Sotres as fats in the form of polymers
        
        CATEGORIES
        
        Monosaccharides: 1 sugar (glucose)
        
        used as monomers (simple sugars) to form polymers/ polysaccharides - they are isomers (have same chemical formula, but arranged differently)
        
        glucose
        
        fructose
        
        galactose
        
        Disacarides: 2 sugars (lactose)
        
        made by combining 2 sugars through dehydration synthesis
        
        sucrose: glucose + fructose
        
        Maltose: 2 glucose
        
        lactose: galactose and glucose
        
        Polysaccharides: Many sugars (starch)
        
        used as storage and structure (form of polymer)
        
        Starch: plant storage (somewhat easy to break down)
        
        amylose
        
        amylopectin
        
        Cellulose: plant strucutre (cannot be broken down = fiber)
        
        shape: straight lines
        
        Glycogen: animal storage (easey to break down)
        
        BIOCHEMICAL TESTING:
        
        Starch (Polumer/polypeptide
      - FATS/LIPIDS
        
        4 groups
        
        triglycerides (fats/oils)
        
        tri = 3 = 3 fatty acids formed together
        
        animal tryglicerides (fats): saturated (single bonds) and stable bonds meaning its harder to break down
        
        Plant triglycerides: unsaturated, reactive double bonds that are eaier to break down
        
        phopholipids (membraines)
        
        made of 2 fatty acid chains (hydrophobic) and a phosphate (hydrophilic)
        
        waxes
        
        sterols (chloresterol and steroids):
        
        non-polar molecules (insoluble),
        
        Made of a glycerol backbone and fatty acids combined through DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
        
        Liposome: made of phospholipids in abarrier that carry drugs through the body
        
        BIOCHEM TEST
        
        SUDAN 111 (IV)
        
        POSITIVE: red/orange
        
        NEGARTIVE: Light pink
        
        BROWN PAPER
      - Proteins: amino acids and hydrogen bonds through dehydration snythesis
        
        Make up 50 percent of dry mass in cells and help with building and repair. Funcations include strucutre or cells and organisms, hormones, and enzymes
        
        Primary sturcture: Amino acids - linear sequence
        
        Secondary strucutre: hydrogen bonds btwn the amino acids that give shape (coils/waves in hair)
        
        Assental amino acids (found in food we eat, but not produced by humans - organic compound/chemical)
        
        ENZYMES: protien catlysts - speed up the rate of reactions WITHOUT being changed in the process
        
        PARTS
        
        ACTIVE SITE: site of reaction
        
        substrate: substance that attached to enzyme
        
        BIOCHEM TESTING
        
        BUIRET SOLUTION:
        
        Positive: violet/ black
        
        Negative: blue
  - - - SUBSTRATE: Substance that binds (is changed by) the enzyme and can build (dehydration synth/ anabolic) or split (hydrolosis/ catabolic)
      - ACTIVE SITE: Site of reaction
    - - THEY REDUCE ACTIVATION ENERGY (LOW TEMP REACTION)