U5 Concept Map
Central Dogma: DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
DNA Structure
Made of nucleotides
Sugar: deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA
Carbons numbered from 1 to 5, starting right of the oxygen
Phosphate group, Phosphorus surrounded by something else carrying negative charge, same for DNA and RNA
Nitrogenous bases, 4 bases(ATCG DNA, AUCG RNA) that pair together and are fundamental for the storing of information in DNA
Chargaff's rule
A always pairs with T, C always pairs with G
Types of RNA
mRNA: created by transcription, carries the information from a small part of DNA to the ribosome so that it can be translated into a protein
tRNA: contains amino acids and an anticodon complementary to a codon in mRNA that helps create the polypeptide chain in translation.
rRNA: makes the ribosome
Sugar-Phosphate backbone
Made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules, phosphate attaches to the 5th carbon in the sugar, and another phosphate attaches to the third carbon. If the 3rd carbon is sticking out at the bottom or top, it is the 3' end of DNA, same thing for 5th carbon.
Sugars are flipped across bases, meaning the phosphates are antiparallel since they are on opposite sides of a line
Base pairs give DNA the ability to hold information as different bases code for different proteins allowing the body to carry out different functions
Transcription
Process where small part of DNA transcribed to mRNA so it can be translated into a protein. DNA unwinds into two separate strands, RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter and moves along, creating a new mRNA strand with complementary bases. Poly'A tail and cap added to mRNA in eukaryotic cells.
Translation
mRNA is read and a polypeptide(protein) is created
Starts with initiation were mRNA enters ribosome and ribosome binds to mRNA at start codon, then elongation where tRNA matches anticodons to mRNA codon and adds amino acids to a polypeptide chain, and protein released when stop codon reached.
DNA Analysis
PCR process where DNA is unzipped, primers added, and new DNA copies are made to duplicate DNA and create millions to billions of copies
Gel electrophoresis shoots DNA through a porous gel with an electric current to sort DNA based on length
DNA Mutations
3 types: substituion, frameshift, silent
3 types in substitution: missense, nonsense, and silenlt
Frameshift is addition or removal of a base causing the other bases to move and coding for completely new amino acids
Missense replaces single amino acid, nonsense makes an early start codon, silent does nothing
Purines/pyrimidines/hydrogens
C and G have 3 hydrogens
click to edit
A and T have 2 hydrogens
C and T/U have 1 ring, Pyrimidine
G and A have 2 rings, Purine