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Thomas Hobbes, State and Absolutism, Two Treatises of Government (Locke),…
Thomas Hobbes
first famous philosophy
Elements of Law
startswith how the mind works and develops the discussion towards politics
De Civie
Was part of the "Elements of Philosophy"
Part 2: De Homine
Part 3: De Cive
Part 1: De Corpore
Sector 1: Liberty
Sector 3: Religion
Sector 2: Empire
State and Absolutism
This creates the Leviathan
all the members of the pact see themselfs as one
fundamental act = from the state of nature to the civil state(the pact)
mutual agreement to submit to a sovereign
all the power goes to the sovereign
the pact creates a irriversible and unilateral state
the sovereigns power is indivisible
effective governments must have absolute power
for Hobbes the monarchy is the way to go
Two Treatises of Government
(Locke)
first Treatise of Government is written against
The Patriarcha
The Patriarcha
manifesto of the royalist party
the writer theoriesd absolute sovereignty came from God
legitimacy of sovereignty came from the paternal authority on humankin
Locke said that Adam was
only
given existence
Lockes state of nature could end up in war because of natural self-defence
3 natural rights:
Freedom
Property
Life
natural equality is modified based on your job
three flaws of the state of nature
No sure law
No impartial jujment
No executive power (law)
state of nature = natural condition of men in perfect freedom and equality
Religious Toleration
exceptions to the principle of toleration
extremist and fundamentalist religious sects
catholics, becuase they obey to an intollerant political-religious authority (pope)
churches whose principles go against human society
Atheists thay don't recognise anything sacred
Locke wanted to find conditions that allowed public practises of religion
He starts by saying that there is no true religion
religion doesn't help preserve freedom and propery
main goal = saving souls and preserving freedom and property
A Negative Anthropology
Hobbes wants to discover rational principles for a civil government
he was looking for a society that could resist the tendency to start a civil war
he advocated for a scientific approach to the study of human nature and of politics
Endeavour
It can turn into desire or aversion
the root of every action taken
Separation of Powers
legislative power
ultimate authority
bound by the laws of nature
it can't contradict natural rights(freedom, property)
universal impartial and non absolute
a legitimate government is based on sepatarion of powers
executive power
federative power
legislative power
executive power
incharge of enforcing the law
punishment to those who violate the law
Federative power
right to act according to the law of nature
some countries punish one another for violation of natural law
Before Society: the State of Nature
hypothesis
natural greed (all humans want the comon goods for themselfs)
natural reason (all humans try to escape from violent death)
natural greed denies the social nature of humans
natural reason makes humans perserve their own life
Natural Right and Natural Laws
Protection of your own life corresponds to a
natural right
natural laws are the rules discovered by reason (it prevents us from destroying our life)
3 of the 19 natural laws
people must give up on the right to all things
people must honour agreements
People must seek peace