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The Restoration and the gradual Modernisation of Spain - Coggle Diagram
The Restoration and the gradual Modernisation of Spain
The Regency of María Cristina: Crisis of the Political System
The problem of popular representation
Although there was a universal manhood suffrage, there still were electoral frauds
The regional problem
Catalan nationalism
The first newspaper in Catalan began to be published.They wanted Cataluña to be recognised as a nation
Basque nationalism
Sabino Arana founded the Basque Nationalist Party. They had no Spanish dimension, they wanted Basque national sovereignty
Different political movements emerged because of the dissatisfaction
Alfonso XII died. His second wife, María Cristina, was pregnant of Alfonso XIII
The colonial problem
Cuba made constant demands for greater political and commercial autonomy.
The Spanish didn't want to let Cuba become independent because of the commercial benefits they obtained form it
The US intervened, Spain lost the war and, ceded Cuba, the Phillipines, Puerto Rico and Guam to the US
These events became known as the Disaster if 1898. They lost the colonies and also their income.
Gradual Economic Modernisation in Spain
Agricultural Changes
Agriculture was the most important sector of the Spanish economy during the 19th century.
Production increased thanks to exportation
There was still inequality of land ownership
Caciquismo
Developed in Spain. Caciques were landowners. They had a large social influence
They often had armed followers who intimidated the population.
Rigged elections through Turnismo, so that the results were favorable to their interests
Financial Changes
Banks and credit institutions, were required.
The Banco de España was founded, and many credit associations were established.
Spain needed foreign capital because it did not have enough of its own financial resources.
The tax system was unfair
Demographic Changes and their Economic Repercussions
Spain's population grew less than other countries. This limited growth was the result of continued disaster-related high rated deaths.
Because of life expectancy was very low, just 35 years in 1900
Spain was a mainly agricultural country in the 19th centur
They led modest but constant economic modernisation
The Labour Movement
Pablo also founded the socialist General Union of Workers (UGT)
Pablo Iglesias founded PSOE (Spanish Socialist Worker's Party) in Madrid
The Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association was created
The freedom allowed the labour movement in Spain.
There were changes to employees legislation:
Recognition of trade union rights
Compensation for victims of accidents in the workplace
Protective laws on child labour
The Reign of Alfonso XII: Stability of the Regime
The Bourbon Restoration is the period that began when the Bourbon dynasty returned to the Spanish throne.
Two political elements made the regime stable: the Constitution of 1876 and turnismo
Constitution of 1876
Suffrage
Wasn't regulated. Censitary suffrage was in place, after that there was a universal manhood suffrage
Rights and freedoms
Rights were declared in a slow process, freedom of expression, association and assembly were restricted
Parliament
Formed and elected by Congress and Senate
Religion
Catholicism was the official religion, although others were aprobed, public expressions of those were prohibited
Sovereignty
It was in the hands of the parliament and king
Turnismo
A system introduced by conservative politician Cánovas del Castillo
Conservative party
Was a group of moderate politicians
Liberal party
Its supporters were members of the progressive and regionalist middle class
The election was manipulated in favour of the kings chosen party for the government.
Alfonso XII was crowned king, ending the First Republic and restoring the monarchial system.