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Rodrigo Guadalupe p.5 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Rodrigo Guadalupe p.5 Cardiovascular System
ABO, RH blood types
A+ can give blood to A+ and AB+ receive blood from A+, A-, O-, O+
O+ give blood to O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive blood from O- and O+
B+ can give blood B+and AB+, receive blood from B+, B-, O+, and O-
AB+ give blood to AB+ and receive from everyone
A- give blood A+, A-, AB+, AB- and recieve from A- and O-
O- can give blood to everyone and receive from O-
B- give blood to B+, B-, AB+, AB- and receive from B- and O-
AB- give blood to AB+,AB- and receive from AB-, A-, B-, O-
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
arteries carry blood away from heart while veins carry blood to heart
all vessels consist of lumen
capillaries only vessel that does not have 3 layers
tunica intima, media, and externa
arteries and veins work with blood while capillaries works with gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones etc
capillaries are microscopic
Layers of the heart
pericardium - double walled sac that surrounds heart
deep two layers serous pericardium
parietal layer: lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
visceral layer on external surface of heart
epicardium - visceral layer of serous pericardium
myocardium (middle) - circular or spinal bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
endocardium- innermost layer
Major blood vessels
Blood vessels are delivery system of dynamic structures that begin and end at heart
arteries carry blood away from heart
3 groups based on structure
elastic arteries - thick walled w/ large low resistance lumen
muscular - distributing arteries due to delivering blood to body organs
arterioles - smallest of all arteries, control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
capillaries - direct contact with tissue cells
microscopic vessels - exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones between blood and interstitial fluid
veins - carry blood toward heart
formation begins when capillary beds unite in postcapillary venules and merge
venules - allows fluids and WBC's intp tissues
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
transport
delivers O2 and nutrients to body cells
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kdineys for elimination
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to largest organs
regulation
maintaining body temp by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaining normal pH using buffers
maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection
preventing blood loss
plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
preventing infection
agents of immunity are carried in blood
Cardiovascular system Disorders
anemia - abnormally low O2 carrying capacity
hemorrhage anemia - not enough RBC produced and slight blood loss
sickle cell anemia - mutated hemoglobin, RBC become crescent shaped when O2 levels are low
leukemias - cancerous condition involving overproduction of WBCs
myeloid leukemia - myeloblasts descendants
;lymphocytic involves lymphocytes
thromboembolic - results in undesireable clot formation
bleeding disorders - abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation
congestive heart failure - persistant high blood pressure
hypertension - sustained elevation of arterial blood pressure
hypotension - low BP below 90/60 mm Hg
circulatory shock - blood vessels adequately fill and cant circulate blood normally
Major Components and functions of blood
blood is a type of CT
leukocytes - white blood cells
make up less than %1 of blood volume
function in defense against defense
granulocytes - contain visible cytoplasmic granules
agranulocytes - do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules
erythrocytes - red blood cells
small diameter cells that contribute to gas transport
filled with hemoglobin for gas transport
hemoglobin binds reversibly w/ oxygen
hematopoiesis - formation of all blood cells, in red bone marrow
erythropoiesis - formation of red blood cells
platelets
fragments of larger megakaryocyte
involved in blood clotting process
form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
blood plasma - straw colored sticky fluid about 90% is water
Anatomy of the heart
made of cardiac muscle cells
coverings
pericardium - double walled sac that surrounds heart
internal features
4 chambers - two superior atria and two inferior ventricles
right side recieves deoxygenated blood
gives blood to lungs to pick up oxygen
left side receives oxygenated blood and distributes to body
surface features
coronary sulcus
anterior intervenricular sulcus
posterior interventricular sulcus
valves
ensure directional blood flow
atrioventricular valves
prevent back flow of blood into atria
tricuspid valve - made of 3 cusps, between right atrium and ventricle
bicuspid valve - 2 cusps, between left atrium and ventricle
chordae tendinae - anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles
semi-lunar valves
prevent back flow from major arteries back into ventricle
each valve consists of 3 cusps shaped like half moon
pulmonary semilunar valve - right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
aortic semi-lunar valve left ventricle and aorta
coronary arteries arise from base of aorta and supply arterial blood to heart
coronary veins: collect blood from capillary beds
Blood flow through the heart and body
4) blood travels to lungs where picks up oxygen
5) travels through pulmonary veins back to heart
3)blood from right ventricle goes through pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk and into left and right pulomnary arteries
6) enters left atrium through left and right pulmonary veins
2) blood from the right atrium goes through tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
7) enters left ventricle through bicuspid/mitral valve
1) deoxygenated blood goes through superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium
8) leaves heart through aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta and distributes blood to rest of body
Vital Signs
Blood Pressure: force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
systolic pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
pulse - throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressure
body temp
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
sequence of excitation
1) sinoatrial node
2) atrioventricular node
3) atriventricular bundle
4) right and left bundle branches
5) subendocaridal conduction network
ECG - graphic recording of electrical activity
composite of all action potential at given time
12 lead ECG typical
P wave - depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex - ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarizatiom
T wave - ventricular repolarization
P-R interval - beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitatiom
S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
systole - period of heart contraction
diastole: period of heart relaxation
cardiac cycle - blood flow through heart during one complete heart beat