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Elijah Spencer P:3 Cardiovascular system - Coggle Diagram
Elijah Spencer P:3 Cardiovascular system
Major & Component of Blood
Blood is a type of connective system with a fluid matrix(plasma).
Blood makes up a part of the circulatory system.
Blood contains red blood cells( for respiratory gas transport), white blood cells( for fighting infections), platelets( for stoppage of bleeding), and Plasma( the liquid matrix).
RBC, WBC, and Platelets make up the formed elements.
Biconcave disks makes RBCs flexible as they travel through blood vessels. When oxygen combines with hemoglobin which gives blood its bright red color.
ABO and Rh blood types
Blood groups are based on presence or absence of 2 important antigens on RBC membranes: antigen A& and Antigen B. Blood types are inherited.
Type A blood has A antigens on RBC membranes and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on RBC membranes and anti-A antibodies in the plasma.
Type Ab blood has both A,B antigen on RBC membranes but neither types of antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient.
Type O blood has neither antigen on RBC membranes, but both types of antibodies in the plasma; Universal donor.
Most common antigen of the group is Antigen D in the Rh group. If the Rh factor(antigen D) is present on a person's red blood cells, the blood is Rh positive; if absent, the blood is Rh negative.
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system is a closed circuit that consists of the heart and blood vessels( arteries, capillaries, and veins). A functional cardiovascular system is vital for supplying oxygen & nutrients to tissues and removing wastes from them.
Arteries- are strong, elastic, vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood. Arteries transport blood from the heart. Arteries divide and give rise to arterioles.
Veins: function as blood reservoirs.
Capillaries are vessels that run between arteries and veins. The connect small arteries to small venules.
Anatomy of the heart
The heart contains 4 chambers: 2 upper and 2 lower. Both upper chambers have an atrioventricular valve(AV). Both the lower 2 ventricles contain Chordea tendinae which are attach to papillary muscles.
Right Atria
Atria receives oxygen-poor blood from the body that then goes into the right ventricle. Has a Tricuspid valve.
Right ventricle
This ventricle has a thinner wall than the left ventricle because of how far it has to pump blood as far as the lungs. This pumps blood though the pulmonary trunk and at the base of this trunk is the pulmonary semilunar valve, which prevents backflow of blood back into the right ventricle.
Left ventricle
This ventricle has a thick wall because it has to pump blood to the entire body.
Left Atria
Superior & inferior vena cava brings blood back from the systemic circuit to the right atrium.
Layers of the Heart
Base
LIes beneath the second rib
Apex
Extends to the fifth intercostal space
Covering of the Heart
Pericardium
is a membranous sac that encloses the heart
Outer, tough, connective tissue fibrous pericardium
Inner, more delicate, double-layered Serous pericardium, which consists of:
Parietal pericardium- the outer layer of the serous membrane, which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
Visceral pericardium(epicardium)- the inner layer of the serous membrane that covers the heart
Pericardial cavity- the space between the visceral and parietal layers, which contains serous fluid for reducing friction between the layers
Heart Chambers & Valves
The heart contain 4 Chambers; 2 upper and 2 lower
Atria- receives blood returning to the heart
Interventricular septum separates the ventricle on the right from the left. Each side has an atrioventricular (AV) valve to ensure one-way flow of blood from atria to ventricle.
The right AV(tricuspid)valve and left AV(bicuspid or mitral) valve have cusps to which chordae tendineae attach
Chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles in the inner wall of the heart; these muscles contract during ventricular contraction to prevent the backflow of blood through the AV valves.
Superior and inferior vena cava bring blood back from the systemic circuit to the right atrium
Coronary sinus drains blood from the myocardium(coronary circulation) into the right atrium.
The right ventricle has a thinner wall that the left ventricle because it must pump blood only as far as the lungs, compared to the left ventricle pumping to the entire body. Each side of the heart has a semilunar value between the ventricle and the blood vessel into which blood is pumped
Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk; at the base of the pulmonary trunk is the pulmonary semilunar valve, which prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle.
Left ventricle pumps blood to the systemic circuit through the aorta; at the base of the aorta is the aortic semilunar valve, which prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.
Blood flow through the heart
Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right-atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.
The right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle contracts, closing the tricuspid valve and forcing blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs, where it enters alveolar capillaries, the site of gas exchange with the alveoli of the lungs, here the blood drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen.
Oxygen-rich blood flows back to the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins.
The left atrium pumps blood through the mitral(bicuspid) valve into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle contracts, closing the mitral valve, opening the aortic semilunar valve and pumps blood into the aorta for distribution to the systemic circuit of the body.
Cardiac cycle
First the atria contact called(atrial systole), which ventricles relax called(ventricular diastole)
Then the ventricles contract called ventricular systole, while the atria relax( called atrial diastole)
Then the entire heart relax for a brief moment
Electrocardiogram(ECG): a recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle,
P wave: The first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria; this leads to the contraction of the atria
QRS Complex: Corresponds tot he depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of the ventricles: the repolarication of the atria occurs during the QRS complex, but is hidden behind the larger ventricular event.
T wave: Corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and leads to ventricular relation
Cardiac conduction system
Specialized cardiac muscle tissue conducts impulses throughout the myocardium. These cells do not contract, but initiate and distribute impulses in the heart, coordinating the cardiac cycle.
Sinoatrial(SA) Node: A self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle, which serves as the pacemaker; located in the posterior right atrium; generates the impulses fro the heartbeat
From the SA node, impulses spread to atrioventricular(AV) Node: passed impulses to the AV bundle, delaying the signal until atria have finished contracting; Located in the interatrial septum(between the right and left atrium)
AV Bundle: From the AV node, impulses pass to the AV bundle and travel down the interventricular septum
Bundle Branches: AV bundle divides into he left and right bundle branches under the endocardium
Purkinje fibers: Bundle branches gives off the purkinje fibers, which spread impulses to the ventricular wall & papillary muscles.
THe action of the purkinje fibers stimulates contraction of the papillary muscles , and cause the ventricles to contract in a twisting, upward motion.
Major blood vessels
Arteries- Are strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood. Arteries usually transport blood away from the heart.
Walls of an artery
Tunica media- Thick middle layer, composed of smooth muscle
Tunica external- outermost connective tissue layer; relatively thin; attaches the artery to surrounding tissues
Tunica internal: Innermost endothelial layer composed of simple squamous epithelium; creates a smooth surface to prevent clots
Arterioles- This is what Arteries become when they become smaller and divide
Sympathetic stimulation causes muscles contraction, resulting in vasoconstriction of arteries. When vasomotar impulses are inhabited, vasodilation results. This sympathetic control of arteries and Arterioles used to regulate blood flow and blood pressure
Vital signs
Blood pressure(BP)
Force blood exerts against the inner wall of blood vessels
BP exits through the cardiovascular system
Arterial Blood Pressure rises and falls according to a pattern established by the cardiac cycle
Systolic pressure: maximum arterial pressure reached during ventricular contraction(systole)
Diastolic pressure: minimum arterial pressure reached during ventricular relaxation( diastole), just before the next contraction
Sphygmomanometer is used to measure arterial blood pressure. 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) at rest.
The alternating expansion and recoil of the wall of an artery as the ventricles contract and relax can be felt at certain points in the body as a pulse.
Pulse
Common pulse points include the radial artery, carotid artery, brachial artery, and femoral artery.
Disorders of the Cardiovascular system
Myocardial Infraction (Heart Attack)- Blood flow to part of the heart is backed( Heart attack)
Peripheral Artery Disease( PAD- Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Cerebrovascular Accident( Stroke)- Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted( stoke)
Endocarditis & Myocarditis- Inflammation of the heart
Congenital Heart Disease- Issue with heart structure and/or function present from birth