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Cardiovascular System- Alejandro Alvarez P2 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System- Alejandro Alvarez P2
Blood Components
Formed Elements (45%)
White Blood Cells (leukocytes) (1%)
Granulocytes (granular cytoplasm + short life span)
Eosinophils
Structure: Nucleus is bilobed
Function: Kills parasites and moderates allergic reactions
Basophils
Structure: nucleus is bilobed
Function: releases heparin and histamine
Neutrophils
Structure: Nucleus has 2-5 lobes
Function: phagocytes to small particles
Agranulocytes (no granular cyto. + long life span)
Monocytes
Structure: 2-3x larger than RBC, nucleus is varied (can be spherical or lobed)
Function: phagocytic to large particles
Lymphocytes
Function: provides immunity
Structure: slightly larger than RBC, nucleus nearly fills cell.
Platelets (thrombocytes) (4%)
Structure: fragments of large cells in the red bone marrow
Function: help repair dmged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges; the stoppage of bleeding is called hemostasis
Red Blood Cells (95%)
Function: transports oxygen from hemoglobin to the body. oxygen+hemoglobin=hemoglobin (bright red blood), no oxygen+hemoglobin=deoxyhemoglobin (dark red blood)
Structure: biconcave disc which allows them to travel through blood cells, contains a protein called hemoglobin)
Liquid Matrix (55%)
Plasma (55%)
Structure: clear, liquid part of blood that is 92% water
Function: transports nutrients & gases, regulates fluid & electrolyte balance, and maintains an optimal pH
ABO, Rh blood types
AB-
Antibody: none
Rh factor (Antigen D): absent
Antigen: both A and B
Compatibility: AB-, O-,A-,B-
AB+
Antigen: both A and B
Antibody: none
Rh factor (Antigen D): present
Compatibility: AB+, AB-, O-, O+, B+, B-, A+, A-
B+
Antibody: A
Rh factor (Antigen D): present
Antigen: B
Compatibility: A+,A-,O-,O+
O+
Antigen: none
Antibody: both A and B
Rh factor (Antigen D): present
Compatibility: O-, O+
B-
Antibody: A
Rh factor (Antigen D): absent
Antigen: B
Compatibility: B-,O-
A+
Antibody: B
Rh factor (Antigen D): present
Antigen: A
Compatibility: A+, A-, O+,O-
A-
Antibody: B
Rh factor (Antigen D): absent
Antigen: A
Compatibility: O-,A-
O-
Antibody: both A and B
Rh Factor (Antigen D): absent
Antigen: none
Compatibility: O-
Blood Flow
Superior/inferior Vena Cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins
1 more item...
Cardiovascular System Functions
Pulmonary Circut
.blood flow between heart and lungs
oxygen-poor blood is carried to the pulmonary circuit where oxygen is picked up and CO2 is dropped off
Systemic Circuit
.blood flow between heart and body tissues
. sends oxygen rich blood to all cells of the body where it drops off O2 and takes CO2
.supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste from them.
Anatomy of the Heart
Veins
superior vena cava
brings O2 poor blood from upper extremities
inferior vena cava
brings in o2-poor blood from lower extremities.
pulmonary veins
brings in O2 rich blood from lungs
Cardiac
carries o2 poor blood from the heart tissue to the chambers
Arteries
Aorta
brachiocephalic
supplies blood to the head,neck, and upper extremities.
carotid
major blood vessels that supply blood to your brain
subclavian
just below the clavicles, providing blood to the bilateral upper extremities and the neck
pulmonary artery
receives blood from the right ventricle and sends it to the lungs to recieve oxygen
coronary arteries
they run along the coronary sulcus of the myocardium of the heart, they supply the heart muscle with blood.
Valves
Tricuspid valve
helps blood flow in the correct direction from the right atrium to the right ventricle
pulmonary (semilunar) valve
helps blood flow in the correct direction from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
Bicuspid (mitral) Valve
helps blood flow in the right direction from the left atrium to the left ventricle
aortic (semilunar valve) valve
helps blood flow in the right direction from the left ventricle to the aorta.
Chambers
right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava, located above the right ventricle and underneath the right auricle
right ventricle
receives deoxygenated blood from the left atrium, underneath the right atrium and myocardium wall is much thinner than left side.
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, underneath the left auricle
left ventricle
receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, myocardium wall is very thick
interventricular septum
thick layer of myocardium that separates the left and right ventricles internally.
interventricular sulcus
superficial groove that separates the ventricles externally, tthis is where the coronary artery and cardic vein runs
papillary muslces
pillar-like muscles within the cavity of both ventricles that pull on the chordae tendineae which allows the valve to close.
chordae tendineae
stringlike mateial that is attached to papillary muscles, when pulled by the papillary muscles they allow the ventricles to close.
coronary sinus
major coronary vein located in the rear section of the heart, it drains deoxygenated blood from the heart to the right atrium.
base
located beneath second rib
apex
bottom of the heart
Heart Layers
Coverings
Pericardium (sac that encloses heart)
Serous pericardium (inner, delicate, 2-layed)
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
inner layer of serous membrane that covers heart
Pericardial cavity
between the parietal and visceral portion, contains serous fluid to reduce friction
Parietal pericardium
outer layer of serous membrane, that lines inner surface of fibrous pericarium,
Fibrous Pericardium
outer, tough connective tissue
Wall of the Heart
myocardium
middle layer, thickest, allows heart beats, cardiac muscle
endocarium
innermost layer, made of connective tissue and epi, contains Purkinje fibers
epicardium
outermost layer, serous membrane of CT and epi tissue.
Cardiac Cycle and ECG
Cardiac Cycle
2.
the ventricles contract (ventricular systole) while the atria relax (atrial relaxation).
3.
the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment
1.
the atria contract (atrial systole), while the ventricles relax (ventricular diastole)
ECG
QRS Complex
corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of ventricles; the repolarization of the atria occurs but is hidden
T wave
corresponds to the ventricular repolarization, which leads to ventricular relaxation.
P Wave
corresponds to the depolarization of the atria, which leads to contraction of the atria
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
Heart Rate
Tachycardia: resting heart rate>100bpm
Bradycardia: resting heart rate is <60bpm
the number of beats per minute
Blood pressure
Systolic Pressure
max. pressure reached during ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure
min.. pressure reached during ventricular contraction, just before next contraction.
Factors that affect BP
Heart rate
when HR increases so does BP
Stroke volume
amount of blood discharged from each ventricle with each contraction. When stroke volume increases so does BP
Blood volume
directly proportionate to BP, when factors affect blood volume it affects BP
peripheral resistance
friction of blood and walls of blood vessels, when PR increases so does BP.
blood viscosity
difficulty with which molecules in a fluid flow past each other, the greater the viscosity the greater the BP
Blood Vessels
Capillary
Structure: single layer of simple squamous epithelium
Function: allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged between blood and tissue fluid. connects arteriole to venule
Venule
Structure: thinner wall than arterioles, less smooth and more elastic CT
connects capillary to vein
Arteriole
Structure: thinner walls than arteries but contains 3 similar layers of endothelium, smooth muscle, and CT tissue
Function: connects artery to capillary, helps control blood flow through vasoconstriction or vasodilation
Vein
transports blood under low pressure from venule to heart.
thinner wall than artery but similar layers; the vein middle layer is much thinner and veins have valves
Artery
Structure: 3 layers: tunica interna (innermost endothelial layer), Tunica media (thick middle layer of smooth muscle), and tunica externa (outermost connective tissue)
Function: transports highly pressurized blood from heart to arterioles
major arteries and veins
Veins
Upper extremites
internal jugular vein
external jugular vein
subclavian vein
axillary vein
brachial vein
cephallic vein
basilic vein
ulnar vein
radial vein
Lower extremities
femoral vein
great saphenous vein
Abdominal/pelvic region
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
internally illiac vein
external illiac vein
common illiac vein
Arteries
upper extremities
subclavian
common carotid artery
axillary artery
brachial artery
ulnar artery
radial artery
Lower extremities
femoral artery
anterior tibial artery
fibular artery
abdominal/pelvic region
ascending aorta
thoracic aorta
abdominal aorta
common illiac artery
Cardiovascular Diseases
Cerebrovascular Accident
treatment: surgical intervention, blood thinners, physical therapy
symptoms: severe headache, change in alertness, change in senses
causes: blood clot in artery to brain, clogged arteries, aneurysm
blood flow to brain is interupted
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
symptoms: fatigue, heart palpitations, fever
causes: virus, bacterial, or fungal
treatment: antibiotics, medication, reduced activity
inflammation of the heart
peripheral heart disease
causes: limb tramua, obesity, diabetes
arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Symptoms: leg and arm pain, weak pulse, hair loss
treatment: medication, lifestyle changes, bypass surgery
Myocardial Infarction
symptoms: chest pain, dizziness, sweating
causes: bloot clot, plaque in coronary arteries, high blood pressure
blood flow to part of heart is blocked
treatment: thrombolytics, angioplasty, coronary bypass
congenital heart disease
issue with heart structure/function present from birth
Causes: hereditary, atrial septal defect, tricuspid atresia
symptoms: dependent on condition, cyanosis common, death
treatment: medication, surgical intervention, may heal over time