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Cardiovascular System Adan Tepalt .2, T wave: ventricular repolarization;…
Cardiovascular System
Adan Tepalt .2
Major Components and Functions of Blood
Composition
55% Plasma
Water, Amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular waste
45% Formed Elements
Platelets
Red Blood Cells
White Blood cells
Functions
Red blood cells
Biconcave discs: this shape makes RBC's flexible for travel, puts O2 in close proximity for hemoglobin, and increases surface area for gas exchnage
1/3 hemoglobin
Hemoglobin: Transports O2 and some CO2 through blood
When O2 combines with hemoglobin, it forms oxyhemoglobin which gives blood a bright red color
When O2 is released, deoxyhemoglobin is darker red
White Blood cells
AKA WBC's/Leukocytes
Formed
Leave blood stream to fight infection by squeezing between cells of walls of small blood vessels
Granulocytes: Granular cytoplasm, short life span
Neutrophils: 50-70% of leukocytes; strong phagocytes
Eosinophils: 1-3% of circulation WBC's; kill parasites and moderate inflamation
Basophils: <1% of WBC's; promote inflammation by secreting heparin and histamine
Agranulocytes: No granular cytoplasm: long life span
Monocytes: 3-9% of circulating WbC's; strong phagocytes; migrate to some tissues and differentiate into macrophages
Lymphocytes: long-lived; 25-30% of circulating WBC's; responsible for immunity; attack foreign pathogens
Platelets
Fragments of large cells in red bone marrow
Help repair damaged blood vessels by adhereing to their broken edges
when they stop bleeding its called homeostasis
Low platelet count can cause internal bleeding
AKA thrombocytes
Blood Types
ABO
Type A
A antigens in RBC membranes
anti-b antibodies in plasma
Type B
B antigens on RBC
Anti A antibodies in plasma
Type AB
Both A and B antigen on RBC but neither antibody
Universal recipient
Type O
Neither antigen on RBC but both antibodies om plasma
Universal donor
Rh
Named after rhesus monkey
humans have Rh antigens and factors
No corresponding antibodies in plasma unless contact occurs
Obtain Rh blood through pregnancy or transfusion
RhoGAM will bind to and shield a fetus's RBC to protect babies
If the Rh factor is present in a persons RBC then the blood is Rh positive
Functions of Cardiovascular System
Supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing wastes from them
Arteries transport blood away from heart
Veins transport blood toward the heart
capillaries are vessels that run between arteries and veins
O2 poor blood is carried by the pulmonary circuit to longs
Systemic circuit sends o2 rich blood to all body cells
Anatomy of the Heart
Two upper and lower chambers
Left and right atriums
Left and Right ventricles
Tricuspid valve: Right atrium --> Right ventricle
Pulmonary Valve: Right ventricle --> Pulmonary Artery
Aortic Valve: Left ventricle --> Aorta
Mitral Valve: Left atrium--> Left Ventricle
Layers of the Heart
Epicardium: Innermost layer of the heart
Myocardium: Thickest and middle layer of heart wall
Endocardium: Outermost layer of heart
Blood Vessel Layers
Tunica Externa
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima
Blood Flow through Heart
SVC/IVC
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta
Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
Veins are thinner thana rteries because veins have less pressure than in the arteries
Same 3 layers
Less smooth muscle and connective tissue
Cardiac Cycle and ECG
Cardiac Cycle
Atria contract while ventricles relax
Ventricles contract and atria relax
Entire heart relaxes for brief moment
ECG
recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle
P Wave: first wave; depolarization of atria; leads to contraction
QRS Complex: depolarization of ventricles; contracts ventricles; repolarization of atria but hidden under larger ventricular event
T wave: ventricular repolarization; leads to ventricular relaxation