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Amy Gonzalez Period 5 The Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Amy Gonzalez
Period 5
The Cardiovascular System
Major Blood Vessels
Aorta
: largest blood vessel in the body; has 3 branches
Right Pulmonary Artery
: delivers deoxygenated blood to right lung
Inferior Vena Cava
: deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
Left Pulmonary Artery
: delivers dexoygenated blood to left lung
Right Pulmonary Veins
: delivers oxygenated blood to left atrium
Superior Vena Cava
: deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
Left Pulmonary Veins
: delivers oxygenated blood to left atrium
Structural and Functional Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
Capillaries
: direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs; only single red blood cell can pass at a time
Capillary Bed
: interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules; found in serous membranes
Vascular Shunt
: channel that directly connect arteriole with venule
Precaplillary Sphincter
: acts as valve regulating blood flow unto caplillary bed
Arteries
: carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbillical vessels of fetus
Arterioles
: smallest of arteries; control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle; change resistance to blood flow
Muscular Arteries
: also known as distributing arteries because they deliver blood to organs; active in vasoconstriction
Elastic Arteries
: thick-walled with low resistance lumen; act as pressure reservoirs and recoil (like a spring)
Veins
: carry blood to the heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbillical vessels of fetus; bp lower than in arteries
Venules
: formed when capillaries unite, consist of endothelium and few peicytes; very porous, allow fluid and white blood cells into tissues
Venous Valves
: Prevent backflow of blood, most abundant in veins of limbs
Venous Sinuses
: Flattened veins with extremely thin walls
Layers of the Heart
Layers of the Heart Wall
Myocardium
: Circular or spinal bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium
: innermost layer
Epicardium
: outermost layer; visceral layer
Coverings of the Heart
Pericardium
: double walled sac that surrounds the heart
Parietal Layer
: line internal surface of pericardium
Visceral Layer
: on external surface of heart
ABO, Rh Blood Types
B
Antigens
: B
Antibodies
: Anti-A
Can Receive
: B,O
AB
Antigens
: A & B
Antibodies
: none
Can Receive
: ALL (universal recipient)
A
Antigens
: A
Antibodies
: Anti-B
Can Receive
: A,O
O
Antigens
: none
Antibodies
: Anti-A & Anti-B
Can Receive
: O (universal donor)
Rh Factor
: inherited protein found of surface of red blood cells; determines if blood type is positive or negative
Cardiac Cycle and the ECG
Sequence of Excitation
3.)
Atrioventricular Bundle
: In superior interventricular septum; only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
4.)
Right and Left Bundle Branches
: two pathways in interventricular septum; carry impulses toward apex of heart
2.)
Atrioventricular Node
: In inferior interatrial septum
5.)
Subendocardial Conducting Network
(purkinje fibers): complete pathway through interventricular septum into apex and ventricular walls
1.)
Sinoatrial Node
: pacemaker of heart in right atrial wall
Electrocardiography
Electrocardiograph
: can detect electrical current generated by heart
Electrocardiogram
: graphing recording of electrical activity
Features
P Wave
: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS Complex
: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T Wave
: ventricular repolarization
P-R Interval
: beginning of atrial excitation
Q-T Interval
: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
S-T Segment
: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Major Components and Functions of Blood
Components
Buffy Coat
:Made up of white blood cells and platelets, make up less than 1%
Leukocytes (WBCs)
: only formed element that is complete cell with nuclei and organelles
Granulocytes
: contain visible cytoplasmic granules; not long lasting;
(neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
Agranulocytes
: do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules; long lasting such as vaccines;
(lymphocytes, monocytes)
Leukopoiesis:
production of WBCs stimulated by
Interleukins
Colony- stimulating factors
Disorders
Leukopenia
: abnormally low count of white blood cells
Leukemia
: high count of white blood cells
Infectious Mononucleosis
(kissing disease): young adults, caused by epstein-barr virus, results in high numbers of typical agranulocutes
Erythrocytes
: Dedicated to respiratory gas transport, is 45% of whole blood
Hematocrit
: percent of blood volume that is red blood cells
Hematopoiesis
: formation of all blood cells
Erythropoiesis
: formation of red blood cells
Regulation and Requirements of Erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin (EPO)
: hormone that stimulates formation of RBSs; released by kidneys in response to hypoxia
Plasma
: 90% water, Albumin makes up 60% of plasma proteins
Functions
Transport
Delivers oxygen and nutrients, transports metabolic wastes and hormones
Regulation
Maintains body temperature, normal Ph, and fluid volume
Protection
Prevents blood loss and infections
Vital Signs
Blood Pressure
: Force per unit area exterted on wall of blood vessel by blood
Systemic Blood Pressure
Systemic Pressure
: highest in aorta and declines throughout pathway; steepest drop occurs in arterioles
Arterial Blood Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
: lowest level of aortic pressure; heart is at rest
Systolic Pressure
: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction; Left ventricle pumps blood into aorta; Averages 120mmHg
Respiratory Rate
: Breathing rate; how many breaths per minute
Pulse
: Throbbing of arteries
Radial Pulse
Pulse taken at wrist; is most routinely used
Pressure Points
: areas where arteries are close to body surface
Body Temperature
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)
: Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Symptoms
: Severe headache, Change in alertness, Change in senses
Causes or Risk Factors
: Blood clot in artery to brain. Clogged arteries, Aneurysm
Treatment Options
: Thrombolytics, Blood thinners, Surgical intervention
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
: Inflammation of the heart
Causes or Risk Factors
: Virus, bacterial, or fungal infection, Allergic reaction to meds or allergen, Rheumatoid arthritis
Symptoms
: Heart palpitations, Chest pain, Fatigue
Treatment Options
: Antibiotics, Medication, Piuretics
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
: Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremeties
Treatment Options
: Medication, Lifestyle changes, Arterial angioplasty
Symptoms
: Leg and arm pain, intermittent claudication, Extremity numbness and weakness
Causes or Risk Factors
: Atherosclerosis, Blood vessel inflammation, Limb trauma
Congenital Heart Disease
: Issue with heart structure and or function present from birth
Causes or Risk Factors
: Tetralogy of fallot, tricuspid arteries, Ebstein's anomaly
Symptoms
: Dependent on condition, Cyanosis common, Maybe asymptomatic
Treatment Options
: Medication, Surgical prevention, Can heal on its own
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
: Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
Symptoms
: Chest pain, Pain radiating to arm, jaw, abdomen, Dizziness
Treatment Options
: Nitroglycerin, Thrombolyties, Angioplasty
Causes or Risk Factors
: Blood clot, Plaque in coronary arteries, High blood pressure
Blood Flow Through the Heart and Body
Right Side of the Heart
Deoxygenated blood enters the... Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
1 more item...
Left Side of the Heart
Four Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid (mitral) Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
Systemic Circulation
(deoxygenated blood returns to the SVC, IVC, and Coronary Sinus to repeat cycle
Coronary Circulation
: blood supply to heart
Coronary Arteries
Left Coronary Artery
: supplies interventricular septum, anterior ventricular walls, left atrium, and posterior wall of left ventricle; two branches
Right Coronary Artery
: supplies right atrium and most of right ventricle; also two branches
Coronary Veins
Coronary Sinus
Cardiac Veins
Middle Cardiac Vein
: in posterior interventricular sulcus
Small Cardiac Vein
: from inferior margin
Great Cardiac Vein
: of anterior interventricular sulcus
Major Functions of Cardiovascular System
Blood Circulation
Transports blood to all organs of the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients
Blood Pressure Regulation
Anatomy of the Heart
Chambers
Atria
: The receiving chambers
Right Atrium
: receives deoxygenated blood from body
Inferior Vena Cava
: returns blood from below diaphragm
Coronary Sinus
: returns blood from coronary veins
Superior Vena Cava
: returns blood from above the diaphragm
Left Atrium
: receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Auricles
: appendages that increase atrial volume
Ventricles
: The discharging chambers
Right Ventricle
: pumps blood into pulmonary trunk
Left Ventricle
: pumps blood into aorta
Heart Valves
Atrioventricular Valves
: between atria and ventricles; prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract
Tricuspid Valve
: made of three cusps and is in between right atrium and right ventricle
Mitral Valve
: made of two cusps and is in between the left atrium and left ventricle
Chordae Tendinae
: anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles that function to hold valve flaps in closed position and prevent flaps from everting back into atria
Semilunar Valves
: between ventricles and major arteries
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Trabeculae Carneae
: irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
Papillary Muscles
:"origin" of where chordae tendinae is attatched; project into ventricular cavity
Aorta
: largest blood vessel in the body; carries blood from heart to circulatory system
Brachiocephalic Artery
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery
Interatrial Septum
: seperates atria
Coronary Sulcus
: atrioventricular groove
Interventricular Septum
:seperates ventricles